冲击式 Banki-mitchell双击式
Hydraulic Turbine
mixed flow(Francis)混流式 Reaction axial flow(Kaplan)轴流式 反击式 Radial flow径流式 Tubular type贯流式
Actuator component传动部件wicket gate setting导叶开度 curved bucket弯曲水斗 critical value临界值consecutive discharge过流量 excavation 开挖量 electrical grid电网 runaway飞逸 generator发电机 flywheel飞轮 hydroelectric水力电气的 hydraulic水利的 hydroturbine 水轮机 cavitation气蚀 head水头site站 capacity容量 hydropower水力发电plant设备；工厂 chamber转轮室 sluice水闸
Swirl涡流 centrifugal离心的 centripetal向心的 runner转轮 jet喷嘴 bucket水斗unit机组 vertical axis立轴 horizontal卧轴 fixed-pitch定桨 gross head毛水头 net head净水头vapor phase蒸汽状态 prototype machine原型机erosion空蚀 critical临界 cavity空腔wicket gate导叶 draft tube尾水管tailwater尾水渠exit velocity出口速度 specific speed比转速 intake引水室 penstock压力钢管 guide vanes导叶 distributor导水机构 trash racks拦污栅 maintenance检修discharge流量 dam大坝casing蜗壳 tangential velocity切向速度 consecutive section过流断面 Kinetic energy动能 angle of diverging wall扩散角 mechanical vibration机械振动 governor调速器nozzle喷嘴needle喷针 civil works土建工程 rated head额定水头 reservoirs水库 precipitation降水量
spillways泄洪道 thermal station热电厂 serve工程 corrosion腐蚀，侵蚀，锈蚀 power plant发电厂 flywheel effect飞轮效应 lagging power滞后功率 transmission line传输线路 capacitance电容; 电流容量; 电容器; rated head额定水头 overflow溢流
1、Modern hydraulic turbines are the result of many years at gradual development.Because of economic incentives,large units have been developed which can achieve efficiencies in excess of 96 percent.现代水轮机是经多年逐渐发展而形成的。由于经济的刺激，大型机组已经发展起来，并且它的效率超过了96%。
2、The problem is that selection of a turbine for a given application becomes a compromise,since there are a fixed number of sizes to choose from.由于水轮机有特别多的尺寸型号可供选择，使得在给定条件下如何选择水轮机变成一个复杂的事情。
3、The water turbine has a rich and varied history.It has been developed as a result of a natural evolutionary process from the water wheel.水轮机有丰富多彩的历史。它是由原来的水车自然进化而来的。
4、Just as the vertical-axis tub wheels of Berlidor evolved into modern reaction turbines of the Francis and Kaplan types,development of the classical-horizontal-axis waterwheel reached its peak with the introduction of the impulse turbine.就像Berlidor所发明的立轴式水轮机已经发展成现在的混流式和轴流式水轮机，随着科学的发展卧轴水轮机已经随着冲击式水轮机的生产达到了它的顶峰。
5、Cavitation can be defined as the formation of the vapor phase in a liquid flow when the hydrodynamic pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid.空化空蚀可以定义为当
动压力降低于液体的蒸汽压力时，流动的液体变为蒸汽状态的过程。
6、It was also found that there was a significant advantage in using stainless steel in the manufacture of turbines.The use of stainless steel overlays in regions prone to cavitation pitting is not as effective in resisting erosion,since galvanic corrosion can accelerate the damage due to cavitation.我们发现在制造水轮机时使用不锈钢会有很多好处。不锈钢覆盖的地区容易发生空蚀的使用不在有效抗侵蚀，由于汽蚀电偶腐蚀加速了破坏。
7、The hydraulic components of a hydropower installation consists of an intake,penstock,guide vanes or distribution,turbine,and draft tube.水轮机的主要过流部件有引水室、压力钢管、导叶或者是导水机构、转轮和尾水管。
8、Steel spiral casings are used for higher heads,and the casing is designed so that the tangential velocity is essentially constant at consecutive sections around the circumference.金属蜗壳适用于较高水头，并且金属蜗壳的设计原则是它一周的过流断面的切向速度基本上是一个常数。
9、Discharge control for some types of reaction turbines is provided by means of adjustable guide vanes or wicket gates.某些反击式水轮机的流量控制是通过活动导叶来控制的。
10、Excessive swirl can result in surging in the draft tube,as well as load fluctuations and pressure fluctuations that can cause mechanical vibrations of severe magnitude.大量涡流能够导致尾水管的震动，就像负荷变动和压力脉动导致的机械振动一样严重。
11、There are two basic types of turbines,denoted as impulse and reaction.In an impulse turbine,the available head is converted to kinetic energy before entering the runner,the power available being extracted from the flow at atmospheric pressure.水轮机可分为两大类：冲击式和反击式。在冲击式水轮机中，有效水头在进入转轮之前转化为动能，它的能量转化是在大气中进行的。
12、Reaction turbines are classified according to the variation in flow direction through the runner.反击式水轮机时根据水流流过转轮的方向变化来分类的。
13、In addition to the radial-flow and mixed-flow Francis and axial-flow propeller units,there is the Deriaz-turbine,which is a mixed-flow propeller unit of the Kaplan type.This turbine was originally developed for pumped storage applications in the medium-head range.The turbine consists of controllable-pitch blades mounted on a control hub.除了径流式、混流式、轴流式水轮机还有水泵水轮机，这是一种轴流式的混流式水轮机。这种水轮机最初是为中等水头范围的蓄能应用。水泵水轮机是由可控的导叶安装在泄水锥上构成的。
14、Another factor that must be considered prior to equipment selection is the evaluation of the turbine with respect to tailwater elevations.另一个必须要优先考虑的因素是水轮机相对于尾水管的安装高程。
15、A Francis turbine is controlled by opening and closing the guide vanes which vary the flow of water according to the load.混流式水轮机通过开启和关闭导叶来调节流量，导叶可根据负荷改变流量。
16、Several types of governors are available vary with the work capacity desired and/or the degree of sophistication of control.几种类型的调速器可适用于不同的额定工作量或者是联合控制水平。
Pure mechanical纯机械式的 mechanical-hydraulic机械液压式的 electrohydraulic电气液压的
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