考研英语模拟试卷190(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语模拟试卷190 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

1． It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the effects of the two world wars in promoting all kind of innovation. It should be (1)_____ also that technological innovations have (2)_____ the character of war itself by the (3)_____ of new mechanical and chemical device. One weapon developed during World War II (4)_____ a special mention. The (5)_____ of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a (6)_____ of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the Earth’s gravitational pull had been (7)_____ by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926. (8)_____, a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working (9)_____ the same lines and in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket (10)_____ of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket (11)_____ the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were (12)_____ in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war. Technology had a tremendous social (13)_____ in the period 1900 1945. The automobile and electric power, (14)_____, radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life, (15)_____ a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution (16)_____ living through mass production of household goods and (17)_____ The rapid development of the airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more (18)_____. The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years (19)_____ 1945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be (20)_____, although the process has not been without its problems.

A．notified B．observed C．commented D．detected

正确答案：B

解析：上句提到战争对促进技术革新所起的作用，本句also引出问题的另一方面，即技术革新也改变了战争本身。

B．observed(看到，注意到)符合文意。其余三项：commented(评论)为不及物动词；notified通知，报告；detected探查，察觉。

2．

A．transformed

B．imitated C．innovated D．simulated

正确答案：A

解析：只有技术革新能改变战争的特点，其余选项都不符合逻辑：imitated模仿；innovated革新，创新；simulated假装，模仿。

3．

A．introduction B．innovation C．elimination D．alteration

正确答案：A 解析：根据下文”新的机械和化学装置(new mechanical and chemical devices)”提示，此处introduction(引进，采用)最符合题意。其余选项：innovation改革，革新；elimination根除，消灭；alteration修改。

4．

A．requires B．entitles C．furnishes D．deserves

正确答案：D

解析：此句意思是：有一种在二战中发明的武器尤其值得一提。deserves正符合此意。其余选项：requires要求；entitles给予权力，把…称为；furnishes布置，陈设。

5．

A．principle B．discipline C．strategy D．doctrine

正确答案：A

解析：此句意思是：火箭推进的原理早已众所周知。principle有”原则，原理”的意思，正是该题的答案。其余选项：discipline纪律，学科；strategy战略，策略；doctrine教义，学说。

6．

A．methods B．means

C．equipment D．medium

正确答案：B

解析：本句its指火箭，要靠火箭达到能够脱离地球引力的高速度，it便可被看作是一种工具或手段，而means正有”工具，方法，手段”的意思，是正确的选择。其他选项：methods方法，办法，并且复数也不符合语法规则；equipment装备，设备；medium媒介，传导物。

7．

A．taken over B．handed over C．carded out D．pointed out

正确答案：D

解析：本句主语是its possibilities，谓语动词用了过去完成时；point out the possibilities指出它的可能性，正符合逻辑。其余选项都不能以possibilities做逻辑宾语：taken over接管，取代；handed over交给；carried out执行，实施。

8．

A．Simultaneously B．Advantageously C．Spontaneously D．Instantaneously

正确答案：A

解析：根据上文所给的时间状语in 1926，可以判断出此处应当选择Simultaneously(同时发生地)。其余选项：Advantageously有利地，有优势地；Spontaneously自发地，自然地；Instantaneously即刻，立即。

9．

A．across B．at C．along D．with

正确答案：C

解析：line一词常用复数形式表示”方向，路线”，正好和along搭配。其余选项都不能和lines搭配。

10．

A．capable B．able

C．possible D．suitable

正确答案：A

解析：该句意思为：而在20世纪30年代，正是这些人研制出了能够将弹头送出几百英里以外的火箭。只有capable能和of doing搭配，表示 “能够”的意思。

11．

A．spoiled B．informed C．labeled D．marked

正确答案：D 解析：从下文火箭的研制人员在战后太空计划中的作用可以判断出V-2火箭标志着太空时代的到来。marked(标志，表示)正合题意。其余三项都不行：spoiled破坏；informed告知，使了解；labeled贴标签于。

12．

A．instrumental B．mechanical C．structural D．integral

正确答案：A 解析：该句意思为：V-2火箭的设计组成员对战后英美的太空计划很有帮助。而选项instrumental由instrument派生而来，意思就是”有帮助的，起作用的”，符合题意。其余三项：mechanical机械的，呆板的；structural结构的；integral完整的。

13．

A．influence B．connection C．impact D．conflict

正确答案：C 解析：从下文举例说明科学技术如何改变大多数人的生活方式可以看出，此处应该指技术对社会的巨大冲击或影响。而选项impact有”冲击，强烈的影响”的意思，是最佳选择。其余三项：influence虽与impact意思相近，有”影响”的意思，但influence主要指间接的、通过言行或榜样对他人的思想或行为产生影响；connection(连接)和conflict(冲突)都没有”影响”的意思。

14．

A．on the other hand B．as a result

C．on the contrary D．for instance

正确答案：D

解析：本题考对上下文的关系的理解，作者以汽车、电力等具体例子论证段首句的观点，所以应该选for instance(例如)。其余选项：on the other hand另一方面；as a result结果是，因此；on the contrary相反。

15．

A．encouraging B．urging C．promoting D．assisting

正确答案：C

解析：本题考的是语义关系加近义词辨析。The automobile and electric power是本句的主语，也是后面状语的逻辑主语，只有promoting(促进，助长)与其搭配，是正确答案。其余三项：encouraging鼓励；urging敦促，鼓励；assisting帮助，协助。

16． A．by B．in

C．through D．on

正确答案：B 解析：本题考的是习惯搭配。表示在某一方面要用介词in，a virtual revolution in living即”一场名副其实的生活革命”，所以in是正确答案。

17．

A．appliances B．utilities C．instruments D．equipment

正确答案：A

解析：本题考的是词汇辨析。四个选项都有”器械、设备”的意思，但只有appliance可以和household搭配，特指洗衣机、搅拌机等家用电器。其余选项：utilities指水、电、煤气等”公用事业”；instruments工具，乐器；equipment装备，设备。

18．

A．perceptive B．accessible C．complex D．controversial

正确答案：B

解析：本题考的是语义关系。该句的意思是：飞机、电影和无线电广播的迅速发展使得人们更容易相互沟通，在这个意义上，世界变得更小了、更容易接近了。而选项accessible有”易接近的，可以理解的”的意思，正符合该句。其余三项都不符合题意：perceptive有觉察力的，有理解力的，不能修饰the world；complex复杂的；controversial有争议的。

19．

A．preceding B．previous C．subsequent D．following

正确答案：D 解析：该题考的是对本文内容的理解和近义词辨析。该句的意思是：在 1945年以后的年代里…。从本文按时间顺序论述的写作特点以及本句的内容来看，这里应该讲的是二战后对现代科学技术的应用，而following在此是做后置定语的现在分词，1945是其宾语，the years following l945即”1945年以后的年代”，正符合文意。其余三项：preceding意思是”在…之前”；previous意思是”以前的，在先的”；subsequent”随后的，后来的”是形容词，虽然符合文意，但只能做前置定语。

20．

A．exploited B．applied C．adopted D．processed

正确答案：A

解析：该题考的是词义辨析。动词的逻辑主语是opportunities，而exploited正好与其搭配，是”寻找机会，利用机会”的意思。其他三项都不能与opportunities做动宾搭配：applied应用，运用；adopted采用；processed加工。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Everybody loathes it, but everybody does it A recent poll showed that 20% of Americans hate the practice. It seems so arbitrary, after all. Why does a barman get a tip, but not a doctor who saves lives? In America alone, tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality. The better the service, the bigger the tip. Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tipping—in the 16th century, boxes in English taverns carried the phrase “To Insure Promptitude”(later just “TIP”). But according to new research from Cornell University, tipping no longer serves any useful function. The paper analyses data from 2,327 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak: only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service. Customers who rated a meal as “excellent” still tipped anywhere between 8% and 17% of the meal price. Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics. In America, the custom has become institutionalized: it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In a New York restaurant, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers can expect to get 15-20%, the man who delivers your groceries $2. In Europe, tipping is less common; in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. How to account for these national differences? Look no further than psychology. According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell paper’s co-author, countries in which people are more extrovert, sociable or neurotic tend to tip more. Tipping relieves anxiety about being served by strangers. And, says Mr. Lynn, “In America, where people are outgoing and expressive, tipping is about social approval, ff you tip badly, people think less of you. Tipping well is a chance to show off.” Icelanders, by contrast, do not usually tip—a measure of their introversion, no doubt. While such explanations may be crude, the hard truth seems to be that tipping does not work. It does not benefit the customer. Nor, in the case of restaurants, does it actually stimulate the waiter, or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff. Service people should “just be paid a decent wage” which may actually make economic sense.

21． It is implied in the passage that______.

A．it is a universal regular for the customers to pay a tip for good service B．there exists the tipping custom in each country C．in some countries, tipping has become an industry D．more and more people are in favor of tipping

正确答案：C

解析：本题是推论题。参见文章第2段第1句：In America alone，tipping is now a $16 billion-a-year industry．这句话的大意是：仅在美国，小费就是一个年产值为160亿美元的行业。由此可以推断出正确答案。

22． What can we know about the origin of “tip”?

A．It originated from the English inn service.

B．The original purpose of tip was to ensure that waiter could get more money. C．The waiter threatened the customers with bad service if no tips were given. D．It originated in a small English village.

正确答案：A 解析：本题是细节题。”小费”这个词的来源是什么?文章在第3段提到了TIP这个词的起源。Such explanations no doubt explain the purported origin of tipping-in the 16th century，boxes in English taverns carried the Phrase “To Insure Promptitude”(later just “TIP”)．tavern的意思是”小旅馆，客栈”，与答案选项中的inn是同义词，所以是正确答案。TIP的意思是保证快速服务，选项”保证服务生得到更多的钱”显然不对。

23． We can get the information from the article that_______. A．tipping is very popular in European countries B．in Asian countries tipping never existed

C．tipping is more popular in America than in Europe

D．tipping is popular in America because the Americans are much richer

正确答案：C

解析：本题是推论题。参见文章第5段：In Europe，tipping is less common；in many restaurants，discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard service charge．由此可见，小费在欧洲没有在美国那么流行。小费在欧洲很流行，这与原文意思相反；小费在亚洲国家从未存在过，过于极端，不流行并不等于没有存在；而说小费在美国盛行的原因是因为美国人比较富有，显然不对。

24． People who dine in a New York restaurant______. A．are not expected to give any tip to the waiter or waitress B．had better tip more than 15% so as not to be shamed

C．may be looked down upon when offering a considerable tip D．are thought of as generous if they tip 15%

正确答案：B 解析：本题是细节题。参见文章第5段第3句：In a New York restaurant，failing to tip at least 15% could well mean abuse from the waiter．也就是说，在纽约的饭店吃饭，如果顾客所付小费低于15%，就很可能遭到服务生的辱骂和耻笑。

25． The author thinks that______.

A．tipping can benefit greatly a country’s economic growth B．tipping can ensure the quality of service a customer receives C．tipping can improve a country’s cultural environment D．tipping is not conductive tertiary industry

正确答案：D

解析：本题是推论题。作者在最后一段表明了自己的观点：tipping does not work on does not benefit the customer．Nor，in the case of restaurants，does it actually stimulate the waiter，or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff．这句话的大意是：小费根本不起作用，既不利于顾客，也不利于激励服务生，更不利于饭店对员工的管理和评估。所以小费对国家的经济不会起到什么促进作用。

Like street comer prophets proclaiming that the end is near, scientists who study the earth’s atmosphere have been issuing predictions of impending doom for the past few years without offering any concrete proof. So far even the experts have had to admit that no solid evidence has emerged that this is anything but a natural phenomenon. And the uncertainty has given skeptics-especially Gingrichian politicians—plenty of ammunition to argue against taking the difficult, expensive steps required to stave off a largely hypothetical calamity. Until now, a draft report currently circulating on the Internet asserts that the global temperature rise can now be blamed, at least in part, on human activity. Statements like this have been made before by individual researchers-who have been criticized for going too far beyond the scientific consensus. But this report comes from the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a respected UN sponsored body made up of more than 1,300 leading climate experts from 40 nations. This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories. Unlike chemists or molecular biologists, climate experts have no way to do lab experiments on their specialty. So they simulate them on supercomputers and look at what happens when human generated gases-carbon dioxide from industry and auto exhaust, methane from agriculture, chlorofluoro carbons from leaky refrigerators and spray cans-are pumped into the models virtual atmospheres. Until recently, the computer models weren’t working very well. When the scientists tried to simulate what they believe has been happening over the past century or so, the results didn’t mesh with reality; the models said the world should now he warmer than it actually is. The reason is that the computer models had been overlooking an important factor affecting global temperatures: sulfur dioxides that are produced along with CO2 when fossil fuels are burned in cars and power plants. Aerosols actually cool the planet by blocking sunlight and mask the effects of global warming. Once the scientists factored in aerosols, their models began looking more like the real world. The improved performance of the simulations was demonstrated in 1991, when they successfully predicted temperature changes in the aftermath of the massive Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines. A number of studies since have added to the scientists confidence that they finally know what they are talking about-and can predict what may happen if greenhouse gases continue to be pumped into the atmosphere unchecked.

26． Gingrichian politicians reluctant to address the problem because______. A．they think it is anything but a natural phenomenon B．the efforts may turn to be too difficult and expensive C．they think the predicted disaster is only hypothetical

D．some scientists have gone too far beyond the scientific consensus

正确答案：C

解析：本题是细节题。根据文章第1段可知，至今仍然没有确凿的证据能够证明有关环境灾难的种种预言。因此，那些对环境灾难持怀疑态度的人，特别是那些议员认为这只是假想中的灾难，于是便有了充分的理由反对耗费巨资来解决环境问题。

27． A draft report currently circulating on the Internet______.

A．confirms humans are partly responsible for global temperature rise

B．criticizes some individual researchers for going too far from scientific truth C．reports a respected UN sponsored body

D．arouses the interest of more than 1,500 leading climate experts

正确答案：A 解析：本题是细节题。文章第2段重点描述了国际环境监测委员会最近在互联网上发表的一份报告，证明了在一定程度上人类的活动导致全球气温升高这一事实。

28． The new findings about global climate change are based on______. A．new data

B．the virtual models C．lab experiments

D．scientists’ observation

正确答案：B

解析：本题是细节题。参见文章第2段：This shift in scientific consensus is based not so much on new data as on improvements in the complex computer models that climatologists use to test their theories．这一段话介绍了气候学家用来证实理论推测的方法—利用复杂的电脑模拟系统，创造出模拟的大气环境，而非通过所掌握的大量的新数据。

29． The computer models failed to picture reality because______. A．they only simulate what has happened over the past century B．they are wrongly programmed

C．scientists didn’t take aerosols into consideration D．too many chemicals are produced along with CO2

正确答案：C 解析：本题是细节题。本题问及实验初期电脑模拟系统未能反映真实的大气条件的原因。根据第3段第3句可知，实验初期失败的原因是电脑模拟系统未将影响大气温度的一个重要因素—二氧化硫考虑在内。而这种气体中的悬浮微粒(aerosols)反射了部分太阳光，致使大气温度降低。由此可知正确答案。

30． The simulated computer models are proved reliable when______.

A．an important factor affecting global temperature is included in the simulations B．an increasing number of scientists show confidence in the computer models C．they successfully predicted temperature changes after a volcano eruption D．a number of studies produce more positive results

正确答案：C

解析：本题是细节题。文章最后一段倒数第2句提到，这套模拟系统准确地预测了菲律宾皮纳图博火山爆发后大气温度的变化。由此可知正确选择。

A patent is an exclusive right given to an inventor for his or her invention. In other words, a patent is a monopoly right given to the inventor for the invention. A patent confers on the inventor the right to price and to sell the invention in any way he or she desires, in the United States, patents are granted by the Patent Office for 17 years. Although economists generally condemn monopoly as a form of market organization since monopoly imposes costs on the economy, patents present a more subtle case for monopoly theory. Specifically, can patent monopolies be justified? In general, economists complain about the costs of monopoly because they believe that the same industry could be organized competitively. A patent monopoly grant for 17 years presents a different problem. That is, the purpose of the patent system is to encourage invention. The issue is not monopoly versus competition but, more fundamentally, invention versus no invention. Is the world better off with the invention, even though it is monopolized for 17 years? In other words, what are the costs and benefits of a patent? Consider the simple case of a new consumer product with a positive demand, such as a camera utilizing a new exposure process. The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers’ surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly. This cost must be assessed carefully in the context of an invention, however. What are the benefits of the patent system? First, there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention. In 17 years, the patent monopoly ends, and a second source of benefits arises: The price of cameras will fall to a competitive level, and consumers will reap the benefits of the camera at a lower price. In sum, theory of monopoly helps us to assess the costs and benefits of the patent. One can quibble about patent monopolies, arguing, for example, that they are granted for too long a time. In the end, the patent system creates goods and services and technologies that did not previously exist. In this respect it is a valuable System for the economy. The patent system also underscores the importance of property rights to ideas as a source of economic growth and progress.

31． The first paragraph mainly______. A．focuses on business monopoly

B．tells us about the patent system in America C．discusses a special form of market organization D．defines what a patent is and its function

正确答案：D

解析：本题是主旨题。文章第1段前3个句子是本段的中心—专利。作者开门见山介绍了专利的概念，并谈及有关美国专利保护的年限，故正确答案为D。

32． The second paragraph suggests strongly______. A．the contradictory nature of the patent system B．the importance of the patent system C．the benefits of the patent system D．the monopoly of the patent system

正确答案：A

解析：本题是推断题。文章第2段谈到，专利的目的是鼓励发明创造，但专利本身又形成了一种垄断，对经济带来不良的影响。这便是专利制度的矛盾所在。

33． The costs of the patent monopoly______.

A．are measured by how much the consumers have lost in 17 years B．are measured by what the consumers have lost in 17 years

C．can be determined by the lost consumers surplus from the 17 year patent monopoly

D．should be determined in the context of an invention

正确答案：C

解析：本题是细节题。参见文章第3段：The costs of the patent monopoly are simply the deadweight costs of monopoly measured by the lost consumers surplus from the 17-year patent monopoly.

34． What benefit can the patent system offer when the patent expires? A．An increase in consumer well-being. B．A reduced price for consumers. C．Higher productivity.

D．The promotion of a desirable invention.

正确答案：B

解析：本题是细节题。参见文中第3段：What are the benefits of the patent system? First，there is the increase in consumer well-being brought about immediately by a desirable invention．In 17 years，the patent monopoly ends，and a second souse of benefits arises．这段中列举了专利制度所带来的两个好处—发明为消费者带来的好处，以及专利过期后商品的低廉价格。题干问的是后者，即专利过期后对消费者带来的好处。

35． The patent system is valuable for the economy in that______.

A．it creates goods and services and technologies that did not exist previously B．it gives an incentive to the inventor to publicize his research findings C．it highlights the importance of property rights to ideas D．it is a source of economic growth and progress

正确答案：A

解析：本题是细节题。文章最后一段是全篇的总结。在此作者肯定了专利制度对经济发展的重要作用。第一，创造了前所未有的商品、服务和技术。第二，强调对知识产权的保护是经济发展和进步的源泉。

Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interesting for a number of masons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals’ understanding, research on serf recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of serf-recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of serf-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, “Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself upside down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually guiding the stems into each nostril.” Then the researchers devised a further test of serf-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts in touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.

36． The main idea this passage discusses is_______. A．whether dogs recognize themselves in mirrors

B．whether the grooming practices of chimps can be altered C．whether nonhumans have a serf-concept

D．what her chimps change their behavior when a mirror is present

正确答案：C

解析：本题是主旨题。本文先提出一种观点后再用另一观点反驳。主题句在第2段第2句：In a series of clever experiments，however，Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity．其余选项都只概括了文章的一部分。

37． The evidence indicates...(Line 1, Para. 2) may be interpreted to mean that______.

A．nearly all animals have some self-concept B．nearly all animals have no serf-concept

C．nearly all animals have an awareness of the uses of mirrors D．nearly all animals have a fear of mirrors

正确答案：B

解析：本题是词汇语义题。根据上下文可知，答案选项的self-concept就是the ability to recognize themselves。其他选项均不合题意。

38． The author of the passage probably______. A．prefers dogs to chimps

B．has done more research with chimps than dogs

C．enjoyed the experience involved in working with animals D．wants to see more research on non-human awareness

正确答案：D

解析：本题是推论题。参见文章第1段：Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of serf-recognition．由此可确认作者对这种做法持肯定态度。此外，原文并没有明确支持或陈述其他3种观点，因此可逐一排除。

39． The author’s purpose in the passage is______. A．to compare dogs behavior to chimps’ behavior B．to defend au idea

C．to explore recent research on nonhuman serf-awareness D．to evaluate a hypothesis

正确答案：D

解析：本题是主旨题。文章开始提出，几乎所有的动物都没有自我观念。通过讲述一系列的实验，证明人们普遍认为的动物都没有自我意识的观点是错误的。

40． The purpose of the experiment introduced in the last paragraph is______. A．to prove that the chimps are not self-recognitive

B．to prove that the chimps have the ability to remember their own appearance C．to prove that the chimps have realized that the figures they see in the mirror

are themselves

D．to prove that the chimps are non-human

正确答案：C

解析：本题是主旨题。注意最后一段的因果关系。黑猩猩在第一次照镜子时认识到并记住了镜子里 它们自己的样子。被做了标记后再照镜子，它们就会发现自己的样子有了变化并对这种变化做出反应。

Part B (10 points)

41． You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. Human behaviorB. Culture attributesC. Physiology of Homo sapiensD. Classification of Homo sapiensE. Human societyF. Structure of Homo sapiens Human, common name given to any individual of the species Homo sapiens and, by extension, to the entire species. The term is also applied to certain species that were the evolutionary forerunners of Homo sapiens. Scientists consider all living people members of a single species. (41)______. Homo sapiens is identified, for purposes of classification, as an animal with a backbone and segmented spinal cord that suckles its young; that gestates its young with the aid of a placenta; that is equipped with five-digited extremities, a collarbone, and a single pair of mammary glands on the chest; and that has eyes at the front of the head, stereoscopic vision, and a proportionately large brain. The species belongs to the family Hominidae, the general characteristics of which are discussed below. (42)______. The details of skeletal structure distinguishing Homo sapiens from the nearest primate relatives-the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan-stem largely from a very early adaptation to a completely erect posture and a two-footed striding walk. The uniquely S-shaped spinal column places the center of gravity of the human body directly over the area of support provided by the feet, thus giving stability and balance in the uptight position. Complete bipedalism in the human freed the hand to become a supremely sensitive instrument for precise manipulation and grasping. The most important structural detail in this refinement is the elongated human thumb, which can rotate freely and is fully opposable to the other fingers. The physiological requirements for speech were secondarily established by erect posture, which positions the vocal cords for controlled breathing, and by the skilled use of the hands. The latter development occurs in association with the enlargement and specialization of a brain area that is a prerequisite for refined control of the lips and tongue. (43)______. The large brain of Homo sapiens is approximately double that of early human toolmakers. This great increase in size in only 2 million years was achieved by a process called neoteny, which is the prolongation of retention of immature characteristics. The juvenile stage of brain and skull development is prolonged so that they grow for a longer period of time in relation to the time required to reach sexual maturity. Unlike the early human adult skull, with its sloping forehead

and prominent jaw, the modem human skull-with biologically insignificant variations-retains into maturity a proportionately large size, in relation to the rest of the body, a high-rounded dome, straight-planed face, and reduced jaw size, all closely resembling the characteristics of the skull in the juvenile chimpanzee. Its enlarged dimensions required adaptations for passage through the birth canal; consequently, the human female pelvis widens at maturity, and the human infant is born prematurely. (44)______. The physiological adaptations that made humans more flexible than other primates allowed for the development of a wide range of abilities and an unparalleled versatility in behavior. The brain’s great size, complexity, and slow maturation, with neural connections being added though at least the first 12 years of life, meant that learned behavior could largely modify stereotyped, instinctive responses. New environmental demands could be met by rapid adjustments rather than by slow genetic selection; thus, survival in a wide range of habitats and under extreme conditions eventually became possible without further species differentiation. Each new infant, however, with relatively few innate traits yet with a vast number of potential behaviors, must be taught to achieve its biological potential as a human. (45)______. The human species has a unique capability for culture in the sense of conscious thinking and planning, transmission of skills and systems of social relationships, and creative modification of the environment. The integrated patterns of behavior required for planning and fashioning tools were accomplished at least 2.5 million years ago, and some form of advanced code for vocal communication may also have existed at this time. By 350,000 years ago planned hunting, fire making, and the wearing of clothing were well established, as was possibly ritualized disposal of the dead. Evidence of religion, recorded events, and art date from 30,000 to 40,000 years ago and imply advanced language and ethics for the complex ordering of social groups required for such activities. From about that time the genus Homo began to stabilize into the one generalized species of Homo sapiens.

正确答案：D

解析：根据主题句Homo sapiens is identified，for purposes of classification，as an animal with a backbone and segmented spinal cord that suckles its young可做出此判断。

42．

正确答案：F

解析：本题题号下面的两段话分别从人体脊骨构成(the uniquely S-shaped spinal column)、双脚直立(bipedalism)、手的进化(the elongated human thumb)等方面谈到人体的结构，所以正确答案为F。

43．

正确答案：C

解析：本题题号下面的这段话从生理的角度谈到人类的大脑、头骨、发育成

熟、生育等方面，并将其与猩猩的生理发育作了比较。根据再下一段第1句也可做出此选择：人类的生理上的调整(physiological adaptations)使人类比其他灵长目动物更适应环境。

44．

正确答案：A

解析：本题题号下面的这段话对人类的独一无二的行为(an unparalleled versatility in behavior)做了阐述，可见正确答案为A。

45．

正确答案：B

解析：根据本题题号下面的这段话的主题句The human species has a unique capability for culture in the sense of conscious thinking and planning，transmission of skills and systems of social relationships可认定正确答案为B。

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

46． Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants. This results in new processes and in new products, such as washing machine, record players, motor ears, electronic computers, nuclear weapons and space rockets. A technologist has the scientific know-how, or technique, for making and doing things. The know-how may be original, as it is devised for a specific purpose, or it may be inherited as the accumulated skill and knowledge of generations of specialists. We live in a technological society. Almost every aspect of life in the modem world is influenced (for better or worse) by your technological surroundings. (46)Communications, transportation, manufacturing, mining and exploration, the service industries, medicine, agriculture-all are dominated bi methods and apparatus which are the results of technological advances. The basis of technology is science. (47)Without the fundamental discoveries and understanding provided by science, technology would be a hit-or-miss affair, lacking direction and making little progress. One can argue that our society is beginning to suffer from too much technology, but we will never return to the primitive life of our forefather-technology is with us and it will remain with us. Just as it is important to study history so that we can appreciate how the world came to its present state, it is important to learn some of the basic concepts of science so that we can appreciate the role that technology plays in modem society. (48)For without some knowledge of the scientific principles by which technology operates, one can neither handle with technology nor assist in directing it into the proper channels. In recent times, we have had the general attitude that whatever is technologically possible should be done. (49)It is now becoming increasingly apparent that our scientific and technological progress has outstripped our capacity to perform or absorb everything that is possible.

More and more, we will have decisions to make; in what directions should the thrust of our new discoveries be made? The situation requires that we make intelligent decisions-decisions based on a knowledge and an understanding of what can be done, what will be the benefits, and will be the consequences. Scientists do not make these decisions; people make them. (50)It is therefore incumbent on every individual to acquire the basic knowledge that will permit him to participate intelligently in directing the course of our technological advancement.

正确答案：通讯、运输、制造业、采矿和勘探、服务性行业、医学、农业—所有这一切都受到技术进步所带来的方法和设备的支配。

47．

正确答案：没有科学所提供的基本发明和观点，技术就会成为一种缺乏方向并几乎不会取得进展的漫无目的的事业。

48．

正确答案：因为如果没有用以操作技术的那些科学原理的知识，人就既不能处理技术问题，也不能引导技术进入适当的轨道。

49．

正确答案：我们科学技术的进步已经超过了我们完成或吸收任何可能事物的能力，这一点现在越来越清楚了。

50．

正确答案：因此，每个人都有责任获得基本知识，这种知识能使他将自己的才智投入我们技术进步的进程。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． You had a wonderful weekend with Frank’s family at Fragrant Hill Villa. Write a letter to Frank in which you should: 1) express your gratitude; 2) recall the experience at the villa; 3) show your appreciation again. You should write 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write your address.

正确答案：Dear Frank, Please accept my thanks for the very pleasant time I spent on the weekend at Fragrant Hill Villa. I greatly appreciate your hospitality and

will never forget the pleasant evening we spend there. Everything at Fragrant Hill Villa was perfect: the weather, the company, and the beautiful surroundings. No wonder I find it difficult for me to get down to business this Monday morning! The experience of staying with you and your family is so pleasant that it leaves an unforgettable impression in my mind. I will always cherish the sweet memories. Thanks for your kindness and hospitality again and hope to see you at my own house! Yours sincerely, Li Ming

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52． Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and 2) point out its implications in our life. You should write 160-200 words neatly.

正确答案： The Enjoyment of the Old People This set of pictures shows the pleasant life of the old people. As shown in the first picture, an old man is walking on a jogging machine, sweating all over his forehead. In the second picture, the old man is sitting at the desk and browsing the Internet with great interest. From the description in Chinese characters we know that the two pictures show the enjoyment of the old man: he can travel thousands of miles without leaving his home; he can get to know the affairs of the whole world without taking a step. These two pictures reveal the happy life of the old people in China today. In the old days, the old people were very lonely. Retired from their jobs that they had engaged in for decades, they generally could not get used to the idle life. Now with the improvement of living standard and the advancement of technology, the old may live a longer life in better living condition. Keeping-fit exercises and Internet have become parts of their life. I’m sure with the development of our society the old will enjoy a still better life.