在句子中起定语作用、修饰居中的名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称代词和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as和关系副词when,where,why等引导。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任一个成分。 二 关系代词引导的定语从句
1 who指人，在从句中作主语。如
The man who is shaking hands with my father is a Policeman. Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7:50 a.m. That is the man who teached us English. 2 whom指人，在从句中作宾语，常可省略。如
Mrs.Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine. The professor (whom) you wish to see has come. 3 whose通常指人，也可以指物，在从句中作定语。如 This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world. Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in. 4 which指事物，在从句中作主语或宾语。做宾语时，常可省略。如 Guilin is a city which has a history of 2000 years. A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of the words. The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the train. 5 that指事物，也可指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。做宾语时，常可省略。如 There are some films (that) I’d like to see. She is the only one among us that knows French. 三 关系副词引导的定语从句
1 when表示时间，其先行词往往是表示时间的名词〔如time，day，hour，year等〕。如 October 1,1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded. From the time when he was little,he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 2 where表示地点，其先行词往往是表示地点的名词〔如place,room,house,street,area等〕如 This is the place where my mother was born. Is this the room where we were living last night? 3 why表示原因，常用在先行词reason后面。如 I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today. The reason why he said that is quite clear. 四 关系代词前带介词的定语从句
1 关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句常由“介词+which〔或whom〕”引出。如
Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live. The film of which I’m speaking is to be shown at the People’s Cinema next week. This is the teacher from whom we’ve learnt a lot. The policeman with whom Mr. Henry is talking in the office is a friend of mine. 2 这类从句中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾，这是关系代词可以省略。如 The situation (which) we had got into was very dangerous. The man (whom) we sent the present to is a doctor of laws. 3 定语从句也可以由“名词〔或代词或数词〕+介词+which〔或whom〕”引出。如 The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired. We have two spare rooms upstairs,neither of which has been much used in the past two years. 五 关系代词as引导的定语从句
As也可用作关系代词，既可以单独引出定语从句，又可以与主句中的the same或such相照应，从句中谓语动词常省略。如
We jumped for joy at the news,as was natual. We do the same work as they (do). He is not the same man as he was. I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using. We will give you such information as will help you in your work. 六 几组词用法的区别
1、that与which的用法区别：两者都可指物，常可互换。其区别主要在于： 〔1〕引导非限制性定语从句时，通常要用which：
如：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 〔2〕直接放在介词后作宾语时，通常要用which：
如：The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
〔3〕当先行词是以下不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时，通常用that：
如：There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. All[Everything] that can be done must be done.
〔4〕当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时，通常用that： 如：This is the only example that I know.。 Those are the very words that he used.
〔5〕当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词〔包括last, next等〕等修饰时，通常用that： 如：This is the best dictionary that I've ever used.
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 〔6〕当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用that： 如：China is not the country(that) it was.
〔7〕当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that：
如：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 〔8〕当要防止重复时：
如：Which is the course that we are to take? 2、that与who的用法区别： 〔1〕两者均可指人，有时可互换：
如：All that[who] heard him were delighted.
Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 〔2〕但是在以下情况，通常要用that：
①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时：
如：I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. ②当先行词是who时(为防止重复)：
如：Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略)： 如：Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 3、as与which的用法区别：
(1)引导限制性定语从句时，在such,as,thesame后只能用as，其他情况用which： 如：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。 It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。 This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。 (2)引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换：
如：I live a long way from work, as 〔which〕 you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。 (3)但在，在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时，两者不可换用： ①当从句位于主句前面时，只用as：
如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. ②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制： 如：He went abroad, as〔which〕 was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。 He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)
③as引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which则无此限制：
如：The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as) ④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而which则无此限制： 如：She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。 She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as) 4、who与whom的用法区别：
两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who为主格，whom为宾格： 如：Where's the girl who sells the tickets?
The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply.
但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用，或用who或that代之： 如：The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 不过，在以下几种情况值得注意：
(1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用whom，而且不能省略：
如：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.
(2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who和whom均可用，但以用whom为佳，此时也不能省略： 如：This is Jack, who〔whom〕 you haven't met before.
七 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1 有些定语从句对先行词具有限制作用，使该词的含义更具体、更明确，这种定语从句称为限制性定语从句。这类从句不能省掉，否则句子的意义就不完整。如
Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school? A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. Those who wish to go to the museum must be at the gate by 7:50 a.m. He is the man (whom) I want to see. 注：限制性定语从句与主句之间不能用逗号隔开。限制向定语从句修饰的是名词或代词。限制性定语从句中的关系代词在句中作宾语时可省略。
2 定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是作一些附加说明，不起限制作用，这种从句称为非
限制性定语从句。这类从句往往用逗号与主句分开。如
Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of my father’s. We walked down the village street, which they were having market day. 注：有时这类定语从句所修饰的不是前面一个的某一个词，而是代表整个主句所讲的内容，通常用逗号与主句分开。
He gave her mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot. They are coming back to us,which means that they have been refused elsewhere. 八 使用定语从句应注意的几个问题
1 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。如 The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. The student who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow. 2 定语从句有时不直接紧靠着先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。如 There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand. The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon. 3 引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来代替。如
October 1,1949 was the day on which (=when) the People’s Republic of China was founded. This is the room in which (=where) Lu Xun once lived. 4 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定的部分不要拆开。如 The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. The sick man whom she is looing afrer is her father. 5 注意介词与关系代词的位置，介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略，介词在句尾，关系代词可用which，that，whom口语中也可以用who，且可省略。如
This is the room in which we lived last year. This is the room we lived in last year. Who’s the comrade whom you just shook hands with? Who’s the comrade with whom you just shook hands? The room (which/that) I live in is very nice. The man (whom/who/that) you wrer talking about has come to school. 6 关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个成分，因此使用时要注意在从句中防止句子成分的重复出现。 〔1〕Let me have a book at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday. 〔2〕This is the house where I lived in two years ago. 两个特殊用法 but和than引导定语从句的用法
but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于 who not或that not，即用在否认词或具有否认意义的词后，构成双重否认。
如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。
二、than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级〔more〕．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。〔这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。〕
如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．
②He got more money than was wanted． 运用上述知识翻译以下句子： 1．任何人都喜欢被赞扬。〔but〕 There is no one but likes to be praised． 2．我们大家都想去桂林。〔but〕 There is no one of us but wishes to visit Guilin． 3．没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子。〔but〕 There is no man but feels pity for those starving children．
4．我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。〔but〕 There is no one in our class but wants to help you． 5．无论多么荒凉，多么难以行走的地方，人们也能把它变成战畅?〔but〕 There is no country so wild and difficult but will be made a theatre of war．
6．这件事情比想象的要复杂。〔than〕 This matter is more complex than is imagined． 7．这个广告的效果比预想的要好。〔than〕 This advertisement is more affective than is expected． 8．这个问题看起来容易，实际上很难。〔than〕
The problem may be more difficult in nature than would appear． 9．他爸妈给他的零用钱总是超过他的需要。〔than〕
He got more pocket money from his parents than was demanded． 10．因为这项工程非常困难，所以需要投入更多的劳动力。〔than〕
The project requires more labor than has been put in because it is extremely difficult．练习题 1 I have a friend ----has a good camera. A who B whom C whose D be
2 The man ----today left this message for you.
A called B has called C whom called D who called 3 The man ----is our new teacher.
A whom you spoke B whom you spoke to C with whom you spoke D 4 I don’t think the number of the people----this happens is very large. A whom B who C of whom D to whom 5 Do you work near the building----color is yellow? A that B which C whose D its 6 Here is the girl----school bag has been stolen. A who B whom C whose D her
7 The number of people----lost homes reached as many as 250,000. A who B whom C whose D which
8 It sounded like a train----was going under my house. A who B which C / D whom
9 The car---my uncle had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake. A that B whom C who D whose
10 The boy----we saw yesterday was John’s brother. A which B whom C whose D what
11 The swimmer ----you are asking about is over there. A whom B which C whose D what
12 The building----window are bright at night is our school. A which B that C whom D whose 13 Is the river----through that town very large?
A which flows B flows C that flowing D whose flows 14 The games in ----the young men competed were difficult. A whom B whose C which D that 15 He helped his fatheron the town----they lived. A which B that C when D where
16 That’s the Science Museum----we visited last year. A where B to which C which D in which
you spoke with whom 17 That’s the factory----we paid a visit last year.
A where B to which C which D in which 18 She likes to use words----is clear to her.
A of which the meaning B of which meaning C whose of meaning D meaning of which 19 This is the house----we used to sleep.
A where B which C that D when
20 This was a time ----there were still salves in the USA. A which B that C when D where
21 Her sister,----you met at my home,was a teacher of English. A whom B that C which D /
22 I’m one of the boys ----never late for school.
A that is B who is C who are D who am 23 He is the most boring speakers ----I have ever heard. A who B that C whose D which
24 Mr. Anderson,----I thought died 3 years ago, is still living. A who B whom C that D which 25 He is the last person ----I want to see. A who B whom C that D which 26 ——Did you ask the guard what happened? ——Yes, he told me all ----he knew.
A about which B which C that D which 27 John was the only one ----I had visited. A which B that C whom D who
28 The second book----I want to read is Red Star Over China. A which B what C that D as
29 The boy handed everything ---he had picked up in the street to the police. A which B what C that D whatever 30 There is nothing in the world----can frighten me. A that B who C which D whom 31 Who---knows him would trust him.
A whom B that C who D which
32 The man and the horse ---- fell into the river were drowned. A which B who C of which D that
33 Which of the trains is the one----goes to Nanjing? A which B of which C of these D that
34 Look at the girl and the dog----are crossing the bridge. A which B who C that D they 35 You may borrow any book----
A that you interest B which you are interested C that interests you D 36 I’ll never forget the days ----I stayed in your beautiful country. A when B in which C on which D on that 37 September 18, 1931 is the day----we’ll never forget. A when B on which C on that D that
which interests you 38 I know a place ---- we can have a quiet talk. A which B where C chen D that
39 Is there any fruit shop nearby----we can buy some fruits?
A at that B at where C whicn D at which 40 I see no reason ---this cannot be done right now. A but B why C how D which
41 The building----all older university teachers prefer looks so beautiful. A at which B where C which D on which 42 You may stay---- you like.
A for how long B for which long C at which D where 43 The only language ---- is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A which B whose C that D it 44 Have you seen the girl----?
A that I told B I told you of C whom I told you D I told you of him 45 The dictionary ----is sold out in the bookshop.
A you need B which you need it C what you need D that you need it 46 Is this the shop----sells children’s clothing?
A what B which C in which D where
47 The company ----I visited last year was not the one ----I once worked.
A which which B where which C which where D where where 48 The orphan came from Henan Province, ---- is far away from here. A which B that C where D in which 49 They rely on themselves ,--- is much better
A what B that C who D which
50 You are the very man ----they are looking for at the moment. A that B which C whom D who 51 He said he had red a book, ----was a lie
A about which B which C of which D of courses is 52 They are the boys ---- I went to school with. A which B where C whom D when
53 ----we know, more than 70 percent of the earth is covered with water. A Which B As C Because D That
54 He was in a traffic jam, ---- made him late for school.
A that B what C how D which
55 I don’t like the people ---- lose their temper easily. A whose B which C whom D who
56 You’d better make a mark ---- you have any questions ---- you read a book.
A in the place while B to the place where C where / D in the place where 57 The reason ---- he was late for school was that he had been knocked down by a bike. A why B where C when D that 58 That was ---- I wanted.
A which B the one what C the one D one which
59 This is the largest clock in the world, ----the minute hand is 6 meters long.
when A where B of which C whose D which
60 Look! The dictionary, ----is red, is a birthday gift given by father.
A which cover B the cover of which C the whose cover D that the cover
61 Do you still remember one evening a week ago ---I came to your room and borrowed a damond necklace? A that B which C when D where 62 ——Which apple do you want?
——I want the biggest ---- is on the plate. A one B which C it D that
63 She didn’t tell us the reason ---- she had given up the chance. A for that B for which C for it D because of which 64 Who can think of a situation ---- the idiom is ofen used. A where B which C that D how
65 They are carrying some empty boxes ---- these books will be placed. A in which B in what C in there D at which
66 Bamboo grows best in the place ---- it is warm and rains often. A which B where C that D as
67 Is this factory ----some German friends visited last Sunday? A that B where C which D the one 68 Is this the factory ----you visited last month? A that B where C in which D the one 69 Is this the factory ---- he worked 20 years ago? A that B where C which D the one
70 Those ---- not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A learn B who C that learns D who learn 71 Can you lend me the novel ---- the other day?
A that you talked B you talked about it C which you talked with D you talked about 72 Anyone ---- this opinion may speak out.
A who is against B who are against C who against D that against 73 A room ---- we do experiments is a lab. A where B that C which D in that
74 Mr. Herpin is one of the foreign experts who ---- in China.
A works B is working C are working D has been working 75 She had two daughters,---- became doctors.
A all of them B both of them C all of whom D both of whom 76 Don’t talk about such things ---- you are not sure of. A that B what C thoes D as
77 They talk for about an hour of the things and persons ---- they remembered. A which B that C whom D who
78 The children were all interested in ---- they had seen in the exhibition. A which B that all C all what D all that
79 ---- is known to us all,the earth moves around the sun. A This B That C It D As
80 Children should not have more money ---- is needed.
A than B that C that D whose
81 This is the very child ---- parents were killed in the war. A who B that C whose D whom
82 The number of the visitors, ---- we had expected, was well over 200. A that B as C who D where 83 There is no child ---- loves his parents. A but B that C who D as
84 The house ---- roof was damaged has now been repaired. A that B who’s C whose D of which
85 The building over there is a library, ---- is our library.
A on the east of which B to the east of it C on the east of that D east of which 86 In our school there are 1.000 students, 40 percent of ---- are girl students. A who B whom C whose D which
87 This is the one of the best books ---- ever been written. A that has B that have C which has D which have 88 The stems of bamboo are hollow, ---- them very light.
A that make B that have C which make D which makes 89 I will give your daughter a toy plane ---- she would like to play. A which B that C for which D with which 90 The magazine ---- Betty paid one dollar was very good. A which B where C for which D to which
91 My mother has a house in New York,---- she bought three years ago. A which B where C that D whose
92 We admired him for the way ---- he faced his difficulties. A in which B in that C which D how 93 ——What game is popular with them? ——The ---- most is tennis.
A game they like it B best game they like C best game they like it D game they like 94 Keep a way from such thing ---- will do you harm. A as B that C to which D which
95 You can buy as many copies of this book ---- you want. A that B as C to which D which 96 ——What do you think of the boy?
——The boy ---- I believed to be honest fooled me. A who B what C whom D which
97 Because of my poor memory, all ---- you told me has been forgotten. A that B which C what D as
98 He returned home much sooner ---- was expected. A which B than C as D but
99 Tom didin’t take away the camera because it was just the same camera ---- he lost last week. A which B that C whom D as
100 The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ---- already 7 other people.
A when there were B which where were C that there were D where there were
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