高中英语语法系统讲解之九定语从句

定语从句在复合句中修饰一个名词或代词。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句并作定语从句中的一个成分的词叫做“关系词”。常见的关系词有关系代词（who，whom，whose，that，which等）和关系副词（when，where，why等）。关系词有两个作用：1、放在先行词与定语从句中间起连接作用，引导定语从句；2、代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系代词引导的定语从句 1、关系代词及其作用一览表

先行从句成例句 关系词 词 表人who 的词 主语 talking with your mother? at,whicMr. Li is the person with whom h在从关 who系 m 代 in the war. 词 表人who或物定语 se 的词 后面The boy whose father works 是，topics are about history. 词提前但介I like those books whose 略；常可省的词 表人宾语 Thy boy (whom) she loved died 宾语时，I am working. 句中作分 Do you know the man who is whom,th备注 abroad is my deskmate. 关系代A plane is a machine that can 词不能表人tha或物t 的词 to see very much. The book (which) I gave you which 表物主或宾was. 的词 语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is 作宾语表人主或宾respected by all of us. as 或物语 的词 yesterday.

2、关系代词特殊用法一览表 情况 用法说明 例句 This is the same pen as I lost 省略。 一般不that。 语 She is the star (that) I want 不可用主或宾fly. 省略，也1、先行词为all，1. He told me everything 只用 that的情 况 everything，that he knows. anything，nothing，2. All the books that you little，much等不定offered have been given 代词时； out. 2、先行词被all，any，3. This is the best film every，each，much，that I have ever seen. little，no，some，4. We talked about the few等修饰时； 3、先行词有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 person and things that we remembered. 5. He is the only man that 4、先行词既指人又指物I want to see. 时； 6. Who is the man that is 5、先行词被the only，making a speech? the very修饰时； 7. Which is the book that 6、先行词位于以who或you like best? which引导的特殊疑问句式的主句中时； 7、关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 1、在非限制性定语从句1. He has a son, who has gone 只用 which who 中，只能用which指abroad for further study. 物；用who/whom指2. I like the person to whom 人； the teacher is talking. whom 2、在由“介词 + 关系代3. Those who respect others 的情 况 词”引导的定语从句中，用which指物，whom指人； are usually respected by others. 3、先行词本身是that时，关系词用which，先行词为those，one，he时用who。

温馨提示：“whose + 名词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语，whose的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which结构互换，词序是“the+名词 + of which”。如Please pass me the book whose cover (the cover of which) is green. 3. 关系副词的用法

1 由when引导：○when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它所修饰的先行词有time，

day，morning，night，week，year等。

如From the time when he was little, he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.

2 由where引导：where指地点，在从句中作地点状语，它的先行词有place，○

spot，street，room，city，country等。如Is this the room where you were living last winter?

Beijing is the place where I was born. 3 由why引导：why表示原因，常用在先行词reason后面。 ○

如The reason why he said that is quite clear.

I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today. 4. 使用关系副词时应注意的几点：

1 有些先行词虽不表具体的地点，但表达一种“阶段、境地、形势、地步”，○

也可用where来引导定语从句。如：stage，situation，case，point等。 如：At that time we had reached a stage where we had more women readers than men readers.

Increasing poverty has led to a situation where some people cannot

afford their children’s school fees.

Can you think of a case where you are mistaken by others, but you

can’t tell the truth?

It seems that their relation has reached the point where they have

to divorce.

2 先行词虽然是表示时间、地点或原因的名词，但如果关系词在从句中作主语○

或宾语，则用关系代词that或which引导。

对比： I will never forget the happy days which we spent we spent together.

I will never forget the days when we visited your university. This is the special school which was set up 10 years ago. This is the special school where my father has taught for 10 years.

Do you believe the reason that he gave? Do you know the reason why he killed himself?

3 在某些表示时间名词后的关系副词可省略。如the ○time，every time，each time，the moment。

如Do you still remember the day (when) we first met? 5. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句

1“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系代词只能用which或whom。先○

行词表物时用which；先行词表人时用whom。介词的使用取决于句子意义的需要，或句中动词、形容词、副词与介词的搭配，表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of。

如：I don’t know the time at which (= when) the meeting will begin. I still remember the day on which (= when) I first came to this

school.

This is the subject about which we might argue for a long time. This is the worker from whom I have learned a great deal. Is that the boss to whom you have explained your situation? I bought a dozen of eggs, half of which were broken when I got

home.

2 当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that / which（指物），that / whom / ○

who（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。 如This is the hero (that / who / whom) we are proud of. This is the pen (that / which) I wrote the letter with. 3 “复合介词短语 + 关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语○

从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。

如He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.

4 介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词。如This ○is the room which we lived in last year.

This is the room in which we lived last year.

This is the room where we lived last year.

6. 关系代词as引导的定语从句

1 as用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，常可与主句中的the same或such○

相呼应，其中as为代词，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。 如We do the same work as they (do). He is not the same man as he was.

I hope to get such a dictionary as he is using.

We will give you such information as will help you in your work. 2 as引导非限制性定语从句，在句中作主语、宾语或表语，这个定语从句是说○

明整个句子的，它可以放在主句之前。如As we all know, he studies very hard.

As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.

常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above，as it is等。 7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开，其引导词可用关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose，as和关系副词when，where，why。这些引导词一般只在从句中作宾语时才可省略。 非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句，也不影响主句意思的完整。一般不用逗号把主句和从句分开，通常不用关系代词that。 如A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. I have lost a pen, which I like very much.

Do you remember the teacher who taught us Chinese at middle school? I have two brothers, who are both students.

1as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，都可以指代整个主句内 温馨提示：○

容，二者的区别是： as引导的定语从句位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末；which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后；as意为“正如；这一点”；which意为“这件事”。

如As is mentioned above, English is easy to learn.

He failed in the examination again, which disappointed his parents. 2、非限制性定语从句通常不用that引导。 I am fond of the novel, which ○

you bought for me.

3、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用whom，不能用○

who替换，也不能省略。Lily, whom you met at the party, is my favorite friend.

4、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。 ○

eg: I have told him the reason, for which I missed the early bus.

8. 使用定语从句应注意的问题

1 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决○定。

如The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

2 引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词 + which”代替。 ○

如October 1,1949 was the day on which (=when) the People’s Republic

of China was founded

This is the room in which ( = where) Lu Xun once lived. 3 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的动词短语时，动词短语不能拆开。 ○

如The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

4 关系代词和关系副词在从句中充当一个成分，因此，使用时要注意避免从句○

中句子成分的重复出现。如Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday. (×)

Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought yesterday. (√)

This is the house where I lived in two years ago. (×)

This is the house (that / which) I lived in two years

ago. (√)

强化训练

1. ---Where did you get to know her? ---It was on the farm we worked.

A. that B. there C. which D. where

2. The book was written in 1946, the education system has witnessed great changes.

A. when B. during which C. since the D. since when

3. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, they learn simple games and songs.

A. then B. there C. while D. where

4. You can only be sure of you have at pressent; you cannot be sure of something you might get in the future.

A. that ; what B. what ; / C. which ; that D. / ; that

5. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, wanted to buy it.

A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom 6. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity sight matters more than hearing.

A. when B. whose C. which D. where

7. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.

A. that B. which C. who D. where

8. He was educated at the local high school, he went on to Beijing University.

A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that 9. The course normally attracts 20 students per year, up to half will be from abroad.

A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom 10. I have never dined with you, sir; and I see no reason . A. how can I know B. how I ought to know C. why shall I know D. why I should know

11. ---Do you have anything in mind you’d like for supper? ---Well, is okay with me.

A. that ; anything B. which ; everything C. what ; nothing D. what ; nothing

12. My uncle and aunt work on a farm, they raise fifty . A. there ; cattle B. where ; head of cattle C. in which ; head of cattle D. where ; cattles

13. Amony the winners father is seriously ill in hospital. A. stand little Tom who B. stood little Tom whom C.little Tom stands whose D.stands little Tom whose

14. The reason he gave for being late was he forgot to use the alarm clock.

A. which ; because B. why ; because C. which ; that D. that ; because

15. While driving through the city, she showed me the building she once worked as a lift operator.

A. when B. which C. by which D. in which

16. China got 165 gold medals in the Asian Games in Doha, of course, made the whole nation excited.

A. which B. what C. that D. where 17. The TV set he works well now.

A. has repairing B. having repaired C. has been repaired D. has had repaired

18. Anyway, that evening, I’ll tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rachel’s place.

A. when B. where C. what D. which

19. is known to us all is that the old scientist, for life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his eighties. A. As ; whom B. What ; whom C. It ; whose D. As ; whose 20. It was in the stone house was built as a school by local villagers the boy finished his primary school.

A. which ; that B. that ; where C. which ; which D. that ; which 21. The house was blown off is being repaired.

A. whose roof B. the roof of that C. of which roof D. roof of which

22. It’s the third time late this week.

A. that you are B. you are C. when you arrived D. when you have been

23. Did all the members present agree to the plan? A. who B. that C. wrer D. / 24. Keep away from such persons will do you no good. A. as B. that C. like D. who 25. Who has common sense can’t believe such a thing? A. else B. which C. but D. that 26. Who is the man is reading in the garden? A. who B. that C. whom D. / 27. That is the town he worked in 1987.

A. where B. which C. that D. in that 28. She doesn’t understand the reason he would like to join them. A. for that B. why C. how D. which 29. The day will come soon he will see his success. A. which B. when C. on that D. where 30. They walked together as far as the second crossing they parted. A. when B. which C. why D. where 31. He is learned, unfortunately I was not.

A. whom B. that C. which D. who 32. He told me to start work, I did not follow.

A. that B. what C. this D. which 33. Anyone agrees may come with me.

A. that B. who C. to whom D. with whom 34. The house colour is red is John’s.

A. whose B. of which C. which D. the 35. Sunday is the day people have a rest.

A. that B. on which C. for which D. at which 36. This is the hotel we stopped to rest.

A. at which B. that C. where D. which 37. Tell me the reason you were wet all over.

A. how B. why C. of which D. for that 38. His father, likes painting, is a teacher.

A. who B. whom C. that D. which