(学生用)《大学英语翻译基础》 讲稿

《大学英语翻译基础》课程介绍

新的《大学英语教学大纲》对学生的英汉互译能力提出了具体而明确的要求。在基础阶段， 要求学生“能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语， 理解正确，译文达意，译速为每小时300英语单词。能借助词典将内容熟悉的汉语文字材料译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时250汉字。”在高级阶段，要求学生“能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意，译速为每小时350个英语单词。能借助词典将内容熟悉的汉语文字翻译成英语，译文达意，无重大语言错误，译速为每小时300汉字。”按照此要求，在大学英语教学中开设翻译课是非常有必要的。

通过翻译理论和技巧的学习，学生可以进一步掌握两种语言各自特有的思维方式和遣词造句的规律，反复运用所学过的外语语法、词汇、习惯用法和修辞知识，巩固和提高所学过的外语知识，提高综合文化素质。

一、教学目的和要求

旨在对具有较好通用英语基础,且希望进一步提高英语水平及提高跨文化交际能力的学生进行较为专业化的训练, 以适应全球化日益深入, 跨文化交际日益增强和培养复合型人才的需要。

要求学生在翻译题材熟悉，难度适中的英汉语语篇时，做到在内容上忠实于原文，表达上通顺流畅。

二、教学内容及方式

主要内容包括：翻译的标准，英汉两种语言在词汇、句法、篇章组织方面的对比分析，词、句和段落处理的微技能，篇章翻译技巧、不同文体的特点及翻译对策。还适当介绍考研英语翻译方面的对策。

主要通过微技能及篇章翻译技巧介绍、课堂练习与讨论、译本比较与佳作欣赏、课后翻译实践（作业）、习作讲评、翻译理论的穿插介绍等环节来组织教学活动，以实例来谈理论，实践为主，强调学生的课堂参与。采取多媒体方式进行课堂教学。

三、考试要求

本课程考试为闭卷考试，成绩评估将综合考虑学生课堂参与和表现（20%）、平时作业（20%）及期末考试（60%）。记分采用百分制。

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第一章 英汉语言对比

吕叔湘先生在《中国人学英语》一书中指出：“一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。”“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻地领会。”

一、 A specific study of two languages

1. 英语有冠词，汉语没有。

1) 英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。 A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。（省略不定冠词A） The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动物。（省略定完词The） It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past. 在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。（省略定完词The）

2) 英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为\"一个，每一，这个，那个\"等。例如：

He left without saying a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.埃格伯特说，他（开车）每天一英里就赚一块钱。 This is the book you wanted.这就是你要的那本书。

2. 英语总是把重要的东西放在前面，讲究开门见山，先谈看法后具体说明，由近到远， 由里及表，执果索因，汉语相反。

No spitting on the street. 禁止在大街上吐痰。

3. 英语有丰富的抽象词汇，一词多义现象普遍，动词的名词化倾向十分的严重。 She is such a delight.

Ask the men to come here at 11:00 for a briefing. Bush was a Yale man.

4. 英语大量的使用了被动结构，表现了客观性和逻辑的特性。 I was born in New York. 我出生在纽约。 You have to be operated on.你得做手术。

5.英语中倒装结构使用普遍

Not until he took off his glasses did we realize who he was. Should it rain tomorrow, the match should be put off.

6. 英语大量的使用了无灵主语（即非人称主语）：“it is …” 和“there be…”. 而汉语中更

常用“我们，我”来表达，这突出了英语注重形式的特点。

“The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom”

“他们用结实的网把海床搜索了一遍。当一只箱子从海底被打捞上来时，甲板上人们激动不已”。 (新概念第三册》第32课)

7.英语句子结构严谨，汉语则相对松散。

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I got really hot in my pants, so I took them off. But they must have shrunk from the sweat, or

my legs

裤子穿着太热，我就把它脱了。但不知是因为出汗后裤子缩水了，还是因为我的腿热胀了，怎么也穿不回去了！（《老友记》）

让警察逮着是小事，你要是在我手里有个三长两短，我可是死罪。

If I am caught by the police, it is no big deal. But if you die on me, I’ll be dead. （冯小刚《没完没了》）

二、Vocabulary

Two famous sayings about words:

No brick, no construction; no word, no composition. 无砖不成房， 无词不成章。 Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words. 词本无义，义随人生

1. 词汇的共同趋势: 语言不是静止不变的。词的意义也是如此。 1) 以bird一词为例

它本来意思是“鸟”，也可以指家禽。后来在口语中又常用来指“人”、“姑娘”等。近来， 随着科技事业的发展，bird的意义又进一步扩大，可指飞机、火箭、直升飞机、航天飞机、卫星等任何飞行器。

2) sail

sail:起航，张帆起航之意。

自潜艇出现以后，sail这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的含义。近年来吸毒成风，sail这个 词又可作吸毒后“变得飘飘然”的意思。

2. Comparison of meaning of words 1) Equivalents

microwave supermarket

right-wing out-party 在野党 keyboard bathroom

cold war action research chain reactions open secret

2） partial equivalents intellectual Culture Grandfather Grandmother Sister

Marriage 娶，嫁 Gun 枪、炮

Morning 早晨、上午

3) No equivalents

主要是英语中一些新词，包括专用名词、术语以及一些反映英美社会特殊风气及事

物的词。

A. English words without Chinese equivalents

engine motor humor dollar saint jury senator highway

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B. Chinese words without English equivalents 党员，干部， 公社，鬼子

4. Polysemant: 英语比汉语有更多的一词多意的词 An example: Different meanings of the word “story”:

1). A young man came to Scottis with a story. 一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。 2). Her story is one of the saddest. 她的遭遇最惨。

3). He’ll be happy if that story holds up. 如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。 4). It’s quite another story now. 现在情形完全不同了。

5). The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.

这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。

6). The official refused to confirm the story. 那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。 7). Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. 有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭露出来。

5. 词语搭配对比（Collocation of words） An example of the word “soft”: A. 英汉语言基本相同的搭配 ❖ Soft pillow, soft cushion, ❖ Soft wood, soft light, ❖ soft voice, soft breeze ❖ Soft music ❖ Soft answer ❖ 委婉的回答 ❖ Soft drink

❖ 不含酒精的饮料 ❖ Soft heart ❖ 易感动的心 ❖ Soft words ❖ 和蔼的话 ❖ Soft money ❖ 纸币

B. “soft” used technically

1) （导弹设施等）无坚固掩护工事的，可攻破的： ❖ A soft aboveground launching site ❖ 无坚固掩体的地面发射基地

❖ The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May.

❖ 自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。 ２）（宇宙飞船的着陆）飞行速度在３２公里／小时左右的软着陆。

The landing must be supersoft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时的飞行速度在每小时18英里（约２９公里）左右。 3) （麻醉毒品）毒性较轻的，软性的： Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug.

大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。

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４）（情报等）非百分之百可靠的：

At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy’s intention. We should not shoot him from the hip. 在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。 C. 比喻结构As+adj+as+n 的异同

as busy as a bee, as firm/ hard as a rock as white as snow, as cold as ice

as strong as a horse/ an ox, as bright as daylight

as blind as a bat/ mole, as silly as a goose/ as ass as swift as an antelope, as stubborn as a mule as clear as crystal, as cunning as a fox as easy as ABC/ pie, as brave as a lion as light as feather/ air, as tough as leather

as good as gold, as soft as silk/butter/down as timid as a rabbit, as slippery as an ee

三、A comparative study of sentences

从句法表现形式上来说，汉语和英语的表现方式也不同。汉语重意合（ parataxis ）， 而英语重形合（hypotaxis）。 汉语句子的主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致，不必在形式上呼应。英语的主谓语则严格要求在数、人称、动词的时态上一致。汉语一个句子可以有好几个短句组成，它们之间只有在意义上的联系，无需形式上的连接；英语的句子则往往要求用关系代词或关系副词将句子成分连成一个意义和形式完美结合的整体。就篇章组织而言，汉语是主题突出语言（ topic-prominent ）语言，英语是主语突出（ subject-prominent ）语言。汉语在表达思想时往往突出主题而不在意主语；英语的主语却是一句之主，对句子结构甚至词语选择起统帅作用。

至于标点符号，中国古代书籍一般没有标点符号。到了汉代才有“句读”符号。所谓“句读”，即文辞语意已尽处为“句”，语意未尽而须停顿处则为“读”。19世纪末，随着大量外国书籍被译成中文，在西文中使用的标点符号也被吸收过来。1897年王炳耀根据中国原有断句方法，吸收西文的标点，首次拟定了10种标点符号。 1990年3月国家语言文字工作委员会和新闻出版总署公布了重新修订的《标点符号用法》，共有标点符号16种。正是由于这个历史原因，汉语和英语的标点符号有许多共同之处。汉语和英语都有相同的逗号（comma）、问号（？）、叹号（！）、冒号（：）、分号（；）、引号（“”）、括号（（））、破折号（——）、连接号（ – ）。但是句号，英语是一点（ . ），汉语是一小圆（。）；省略号，汉语是六点（ …… ），英语是三点（ … ）。汉语有顿号（、）、间隔号（ · ）、书名号（《》）、着重号（ ﹒ ）、专名号（ __ ），英语没有这些符号。英语有撇号（ ' ）、斜线号（ / ），汉语则没有这些符号。港台及海外华人所用的汉语标点符号与中国大陆略有不同，不要混淆。

总之，在英汉互译中，要经常进行两种语言的对比，只有通过对比才能熟练掌握两种语言的转换，从而不断提高翻译的质量。

I. Sentence structure

1. Passive voice sentences:

1). Frequency: passive voice is often used in English, esp. in scientific article, while…

2). Structure: in English, a definite passive structure is used, while in Chinese the following words are used to express Passive:

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II. The Chinese words for Passive:

被， 为……所，受， 由，加以，予以，得到，是……的

III. The implied differences between the English passive and the Chinese passive:

In Chinese, the passive voice usually implies sth unpleasant, while in English there’s not such kind of feeling in it.

Examples for the translation of passive voice sentences:

The lost child was found three days later. 失踪的孩子三天后找到了。

These photos weren’t taken on the Great Wall. 这些照片不是在长城拍摄的。 The children are carefully taken care of. 孩子们受到了精心的照顾。

Pronunciation has been paid attention by the students. 语音已为学生们所重视。

The plan will be examined by a special committee. 这个计划由一个特别委员会加以审查。 At last the farmers’ crops were saved. 农民的庄稼终于得救了。

He will be hanged as a spy early tomorrow morning. 明天清晨他将作为一名间谍被绞死。 The famous building has been destroyed by the big fire. 大火把这幢大楼毁掉了。

IV. The Inverted Structure

The inverted structure is common in English language while it is seldom found in Chinese. The following are the common categories of the inverted structure in English.

1. Here, there, now, out等引导

此类为完全倒装（fully inverted, full inversion)

特点一：副词或副词短语放在句首：here, there, now, then, out, up, in 特点二：动词多为不及物：be, come, go, exist, live, follow, stand, lie Examples:

Here is the very passport that you have lost.

There stands a great monument on the top of that mountain. Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.

Then came the day we had been looking forward to .

2. (not) only 修饰状语放在句首

从第二类开始是部分倒装(partially inverted; partial inversion) Examples

Only in this way can you master the skill of making a living. Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health. Only by reading extensively can you widen your insight.

Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. Notice:如果被强调部分是主语，不倒装 Only girls can use it.

3.表示否定的意义的副词和副词短语位于句首

Little, seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, nowhere, in no case, under no conditions, under no circumstances, not in the least, in no way, by no means, on no account

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examples

Never in my life have I heard of such a strange thing! Under no circumstances should we yield to difficulty. In no case will China be the first to use nuclear weapons. On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animal.

4.so…that 结构中，so放在句首

So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal. So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.

So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.

5.虚拟条件句如果省略if

Should green plants disappear some day,there would hardly be any life on the earth. We would have bought this fancy furniture, had we had enough cash on hand. Were the sun to rise from the west, my love for you would unchanged for good.

6.在几个句型中，如果否定词放在句首

句型是：hardly…when; No sooner…than, Not until…(刚。。。就。。。） Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with. Scarcely had we started lunch when the doorbell rang.

No sooner were she back at home than she realized her mistakes.

7.状语放在句首时

On the floor were piles of old books and newspapers.(adverbial of place)

Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. (adverbial of manner) Many a time has she given money to beggars.(adverbial of frequency

8. 表示祝愿的句子

May you live a long and happy life!

Long live the People’s Republic of China! May you a happy journey

9.such做主语时，可全部倒装

Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.

10.正常的语法结构要求的倒装 1）general questions 2）special questions 3.）Tag questions

四、Difference in English and Chinese Ways of Thinking

英美人——抽象思维 Abstraction

中国人——形象思维 Thinking in terms of images 英美人——直线思维 Thinking in linear way

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中国人——曲线思维 Thinking in circular way

I. 思维差异导致语篇的主要差异：

1. 英语语言常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性的概念。而中国人则习惯于使用具体、形象的词语来表达虚的概念。英语语言偏重抽象思维的一个集中表现就是大量使用被动语态.

2. 英语篇章的组织和发展是“直线型”，直截了当地陈述主题，即把要点先表达出来，然后再把各种修饰语和其它次要内容一一补充进来。所以，句式结构多主句、从句相互交错。 而中国人习惯于从侧面说明、阐述外围的环境，最后点出话语的信息中心，即不直接切入主题，先在主题外围“兜圈子”或“旁敲侧击”，最后再进入主题。所以，汉语的表达方式被称为是“曲线型”或“螺旋型”。但汉语的句式以简单句为主。

II. 对比：哪一段是地道的语篇

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. 渴望爱、寻求知识和对人类苦难的深切同情，这是支配我的生活的3种简单而无比强烈的情感。

My life is governed by three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.

3种简单而无比强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们是对爱的渴望、对知识的寻求和对人类苦难的深切同情。

III. 英汉语中主体和客体的问题

英语严格区分主体和客体，因为英美人注重客观事物对人的作用和影响。英文多用无生命名词作主语，主动和被动语态使用分明。

中国人思维中以人为中心，所以常以有生命的名词做主语，并且不太区分主、客体，主、被动语态呈隐含式。 Some examples:

近年来热情的读者纷纷致函各地方报纸，对北京的城市建设提出了种种建议。

In recent years local newspapers have been sprinkled with passionate letters advising various suggestions on the urban construction of Beijing. Another example

It has long been maintained that it was only during his Harvard graduate years that Eliot developed his interest in primitive cultures.

人们长期以来坚持认为，艾略特对原始文化的兴趣是他在哈佛读研究生的岁月里培养起来的。

IV. 英语重形合，汉语重义合

英语注重运用各种有形的联结手段达到语法形式与逻辑形式两个方面的完整，概念指代分明，句子组织严密，层次明确，句法功能呈外显特征。

汉语表现形式受意念引导，看上去概念、判断、推理都不严密，句子松散，句法功能呈隐含形式。

具体表现是：

在英语中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词if, although, as soon as, as long as, because,

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when, in order that, whatever, so 及so that等词明确地表示出来。

在汉语中，通过句子之间的内部逻辑关系可以表达英语中那些连接词所表达的意思。 Some examples:

I can’t trust him, because he is not honest. 他不老实，我不能信任他。

The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away. 跑了和尚，跑不了庙。

If you are dead, I will be a monk. 你死了， 我就做和尚。（《红楼梦》） Two versions of translation:

It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peace time fall. 例：翻译的形合和意合 那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，对于那些在和平时期的秋天树叶再度转黄之前将要失去青春、有的要失去生命的人们是一个动人的送别。

那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，动人的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到站后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的失去了生命。

五、Cultural Difference

1. Definition of culture

文化是一个复杂的综合，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗及一个人以社会一员的资格所获得的其它一切能力、习惯。

Culture: the customs, beliefs, art, music, and all the other products of human thought made by a particular group of people at a particular time Two more phrases of culture Culture gap: difference in culture

Culture shock: the shock of experiencing a different and unfamiliar culture

2. 英汉颜色词语及其内涵意义的对比

英汉语中某些颜色的词语，在平时的运用中其客观色彩意义已经淡化，而常用来表示不同的喻义。我们应当注意这类英汉词语的异同之外，还应注意这类颜色词不能直译，所以当我们使用这些词汇时，应特别留意其涵义及翻译，才能达到正确动用之目的。

white

1）英语中的“white”其涵义可表示纯洁、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、轻轻的、政治上反动等，如：

a white lie white coffee white list white room white hope white wedding white man white magic days marked with a white stone An exception: a white elephant

2) 汉语中的“白色”其涵义表示清楚、明白、陈述、纯净、无代价的、无效的、政治上反动的等。

真相大白 白吃 白痴 表白 白丁 白眼 不分皂白 白给

3、英汉动物词文化联想意义对比分析

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1） 语义重合：英汉动物词联想意义的共鸣

You ass! You stupid ass! How could you do a thing like that? Phrase: make an ass of sb. eat like a pig

make a pig of oneself pigs in clover

buy a pig in a poke

2） 语义错位：英汉动物词联想意义的表同质异，表异质同

3） 语义空缺：英汉动物词联想意义的民族性

back the wrong horse change horse from the horse’s mouth Never swap horses while crossing the stream Put the cart before the horse work for a dead horse

You may take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink horse doctor horse laugh

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第二章 翻译的标准

翻译的定义（Concept of translation）

Translation is the process of rendering written language that was produced in one language (the source language) into another(the target language), or the target language version that results from this process.

翻译的种类（ Categories of translation）

就题材而言，翻译可分为文学翻译(literary translation)和实用翻译(pragmatic translation)。 根据工作方式，翻译包括口译(interpret)、笔译(translation)和全自动机器翻译(machine-aided translation)。

翻译的目的

一、 严复的三字标准

“信、达、雅” （Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance）

二、 泰特勒的三条基本原则标准

18世纪末，爱丁堡大学历史教授亚历山大·F·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler，1947—1814年）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)一书中系统地提出了进行翻译和评判翻译的三条基本原则：

（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. （2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. （3）A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

三、 “功能对等”

“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（Eugene A . Nida）提出的。

四、 现行的四字标准

如今，大多数的翻译教程都采用“忠实、通顺”（faithfulness; smoothness）的四字标准。 1．Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.

2．The president stand there, hat in hand, begging congress for their votes.

1．Pindus Road was a long, wide, straight street that ran parallel with Bread Road. 2. She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold.

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Exercises

1．Babies satisfactorily born. 2．You flatter me.

3．The market in China is an almost bottomless pit. 4．The lecturer carried his audience with him.

5．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man. 6．John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 7．He is more experienced than to do such a thing.

8．In fact, it may be said that anything that is not an animal or a vegetable is a mineral.

9．It is advisable to consider bringing your own supply of water to ensure that you have immediate access to generous supply rather than the minute measures provided for you.

10．Airports, now the travel centers of the USA, are comfortable, hospitable places, with coffee shops and bars and spotless clean restrooms.

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第三章 翻译过程

一般认为，翻译过程包括三个阶段：正确理解（Accurate Comprehension）、充分表达（Adequate Representation）和核校(checking and correcting)。

一、理解阶段

1．语义分析（Semantic Analysis）

1）首先，必须注意词的概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）和关联意义（Associative Meaning）。

① seat oneself in a wooden chair ② accept a university chair ③ chair the board meeting ④ condemned to the chair

2）把握意义关系（Sense Relations），特别注意同义与反义、褒义与贬义、多义与歧义等关系。例如：

① George made great progress at school. ② Let us be great friends.

③ He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.

④ She has made a reputation for herself through hard work.

3）要注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和上下文关系。例如： ① He wrote his 12th novel at the ripe age of 85. ② The custom had its spring in another country.

2．语境分析（Analysis of the context of situation） 1）分析一词与周围词的关系。

Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles. 2）确认一短语是否是一个语义整体。

例如，下述话语中的a good table就有其独立的含义，它受上下文的制约，有其特定的含义。

—— “I don’t know what you do with your brass,” said Mr. Scurridge.

—— “I spend it on you,” she said. “Always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.”

3）确认一个句子是否是一个独立的语义单位。 ① Friendship cannot stand always on one side. ② Far from eye, far from heart. ③ He has stolen a march on me.

3．语用分析（Pragmatic Analysis）

1）把讲话人当作言语行动的参与者。

委婉请求 Would you mind passing me the salt? 许诺 I shall return the book tomorrow.

警告 Say that again and I’ll part with you once for all.

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褒与贬 You are stubborn. He is pig-headed. I am strong-willed. 2）弄清讲话人的意图，进而决定表达方式。 ① Harry is a professor, but can’t spell.

② And you talked to him this way after all he had done for you.

二、表达阶段

1. 直译（Literal Translation）

1. Diligence is the mother of good luck.。 2. No news is good news. 3. A stitch in time saves nine.

4. One swallow does not make a summer. 5. Skill and patience will succeed. 6. Health is not valued till sickness comes. 7. Do not cut down the tree that gives you shade. 8. Waste not, want not.

9. Success belongs to the preserving. 10. Stuff today and starve tomorrow.

某些英语习语已为汉语接纳，丰富了汉语的表达方式。例如： Time is money.

Rome was not built in a day.

ivory tower象牙塔 turn over a new page shed crocodile’s tears First Lady

2. 意译（Translation by Ideas）

1） Every life has its roses and thorns. 2）Every tub must stand on its own bottom. 3） Love lives in cottages as well as in courts. 4） John is a bull in a China shop.

5） Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 6）It is raining cats and dogs. 7) Every dog has his day. 8) Dog does not eat dog.

9) For John, to disclose his long-held privacy means to strike the heal of Achilles. 10) The man who waters his grass after a good rain is carrying coals to Newcastle.

3. 直译和意译并用

This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.。

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He drinks in all the words and expressions which come to him in a fresh, ever-bubbling spring.

The winds of November were like summer breezes to him, and his face glowed with the pleasant cold. His cheeks were flushed and his eyes glistened; his vitality was intense, shining out upon others with almost a material warmth.

My dear girls, I am ambitious for you, but not to have you make a dash in the world - marry rich men merely because they are rich, or have splendid houses, which are not homes because love is wanting..

It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.

The sea was wonderfully calm and now it was rich with all the color of the setting sun. In the sky already a solitary star twinkled.

To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium.

Reports of new successes keep pouring in.。

We excel at making a living but often fail in making a life.

He went on standing against the rail; watching her, as she was taken to the opposite bank of the river in a little boat.

说到充分表达，要防止两种倾向：过分表达（Over-representation）和欠充分表达（Under-representation）。所谓过分表达，即不顾原文本意如何，而任意添枝加叶。例如：

He was on his way to China again. He sold hard-to-get items.

所谓欠充分表达，即或任意删减，或不问作者感情态度，或不计文体风格，等等。例如：

When we were in port, my crew was responsible for moving, installing and modifying the items to be tested the next week. To compound the problems, our good ship Wyoming was declared to be unsafe.

三、核校阶段（Revision）

例: The most effective method of removing this acid contaminant is to cool and then neutralize the exhaust.

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Exercises

1．These were bitter memories, but they felt it worthwhile recalling them because of the lesson they carry.

2．And It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. 3．Gun to work distance must be held.

4．We call atoms of the same elements that have different atomic weights isotopes（同位素）. 5．If we wish to be free---if we mean to preserve inviolate（未受侵犯的） those inestimable（无

价的） privileges for which we have been so long contending （竞争）-----if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged（保证） ourselves never to abandon, until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained---we must fight!

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第四章 英译汉的基本方法

第一节 词类转译法

1．英语名词、形容词、介词和副词转译成汉语动词

He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job. 1) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

2) They have held that in so far as one uses words to refer to the content of one’s experiences, they can be intelligible only to oneself.

3) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food ”.

2.动词、形容词和副词转译成汉语名词

1) To them, he personified the absolute power. 2) He was eloquent and elegant- but soft.

3) It is officially said the unemployment rate is very low.

3.英语动词、名词和副词转译成汉语形容词

1) The operation was a success.

2) I was deeply impressed by what he did in relieving the people in flood-stricken areas. 3）Investigation assured us of the soundness of the plan.

4.英语形容词转译成汉语副词

1) I had the impression that Mr. Smith was the director of the company. 2）Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements.

3）The dead artist’s paintings are a permanent reminder of his great talent.

Exercise

1. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings. 2. As the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 3. I can attest to the absolute truth of his statement.

4. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .

第二节

1.增加名词

增词法

According to scientists, it takes nature500years to create an inch of topsoil. 2.增加动词

The cities utilize these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.

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3.增加形容词

You’re not Robinson Crusoe. You’re not alone, so don’t be so damned selfish. 4.增加副词

Theory is something, but practice is everything. 5.增加表示名词复数的词

When the plants died and decayed, they formed layers of organic materials. 6.增加语气词

As for me, I didn't agree from the very beginning. 7.增加量词

A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. 8.增加概况词

We have got great achievements militarily, politically and economically.

Exercise

1. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declares his own son guilty.

2. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

3.The rushing of these school boys were pardonable, but costly.

4. Heightened environmental consciousness, changing trade pattern and emerging high technology are all having a major impact on the nature of basic industries.

5. The excited electron jumps to a higher energy level and falls back to lower level, emitting a photon with a given energy .

6. We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.

第三节 省略法

1．My father is a vigorous 86.

2. The resistance of any conductors depends on its temperature, its composition and its geometry. 3. From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total in action.

. 4. But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.

Exercise

1. Men perish, but man shall endure; lives die but the life is not dead.

2. When we want to move a body of great mass we must apply a great force.

3. When the news from the countryside reached the city, it caused immediately uproar among the gentry.

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第四节 重复法

（一）为了明确重复

1.重复名词

Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

2.重复动词

They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 3.重复代词

Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines.

（二）为了强调重复

1. He wandered about in the chill rain, thinking and thinking, brooding and brooding. 2. They would read and re-read the secret notes.

（三）为了生动重复

1.运用两个四字词组

He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.

But there had been too much publicity about my case. 2.运用词的重叠

I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing.

With his tardiness, careless and appalling good temper, we had nothing to do with him. 3.运用四字对偶词组

The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair.

If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.

词的翻译：

great contributions gratitude ingratitude prosperity arrogance careless

in chaos street gossip rumor

Exercise

1. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 2. He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.

3. The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law, in particular of the Geneva Convention.

4. I identify myself as one of critical lovers and loving critics of the United Nations.

5. Despite his versatility of talent and shiftiness of purpose, this man has in his whole lifetime been wedded to the most fossilized routine.

6. One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavour from a description: a sound must be heard, a colour seen, a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled. 7. A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.

8. Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see the things beyond the visibility of them.

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第五节 正反、反正表达法

一、正说反译法

1. “I have read your articles．I expect to meet an old man．” 2. He was absent from his own country last year．

3. He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children． 4. He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time． 5. I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task．

6.Thelecturewasinteresting, but as far as I am concerned the speaker was speaking over my head． 7. The plan as it is leaves much to be desired．

8.Before I could say“thank you”，the postman had disappeared around the corner．

二、反说正译法

1.At the same time,

even as she untied the package, the thought came to her—supposing they would not work？ 2.The scientist must approach the familiar just as carefully and cautiously as he does the unfamiliar．

3.Everyone felt nervous that afternoon，and they all went about their work in an unusually careful manner．

4.The illiteracy rate declined from 30．4 percent in 1910 to 22．9 percent in 1920．

5.I only wish he was here himself，as I don＇t doubt he will be here at sunset tomorrow．

三、否定句型

1. 部分否定句型，这种句型不同于汉语的思维形式。 I do not know all of them. All the answers are not right. Every body wouldn’t like it. 2. 单一否定中的部分句型

It is a long lane that had no turning.

It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.

We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.

Exercise

1. Wet paint.

2. Keep upright. (Handle with care.) 3. Admission by invitation only.

4. If it rains in Cleveland today, volunteers will stand in lines with umbrellas to keep voters dry.

5. If any mater should be added after this contract comes into force, then such a matter shall be agreed upon by both sides through friendly consultations and confirmed by means of exchanging official documents.

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第六节 分句、合句法

一、 分句法

1. 副词的分译

1） The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.

2） Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out

the fire.

3）They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.）

4）She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. 5）Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned.

2.形容词的分译

1） Buckley was in a clear minority.

2） That region was the most identifiable trouble place.

3.动词的分译

1）Radio waves have been considered radiant energy.

2） The maximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade.

4. 短语的分译 1）To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.（不定式短

语）

2）Owing to the resistance, a current will heat the conductor along which it is passing.(介词短

语)

3）Moving with greater speed, the molecules strike the walls of the container harder and harder.(分词短语)

5. 非人称主语句的分译

1）The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy. 2）Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.

6. 长句的分译

1）There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.(拆

开定语从句)

2）It was sufficient that there was tenderness in her eyes, weakness in her manner, good nature

and hope in her thoughts. (拆开名词从句) 3）After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers at backstage as he

always does.(拆开状语从句)

二 合句法

1. 简单句的合译

1）It was on the early morning of April 2, 1989. The pilots were briefed in the ready room. 2）What a pleasant surprise! I shall be delighted to meet you on Friday,16th February at the

International Hotel.

3）His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.

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4）There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from Sichuan. 5）He was very clean. His mind was open.

2. 主从复合句的合译

1）The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.

2）It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.

3）The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled. 4）If we do a thing, we should do it well.

5）It was in mid-September, and the new students attended the military training under the blazing sun.

6）Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.

3. 并列句的合译

1）In 1844, Engels met Marx, and they became friends.

2）The stimulation provided by a late mystery show on TV or a hard fought game of chess or

an animated chat with friends may be delightful, but it will tend to keep us wide awake.

Exercise

1. Americans pride themselves on their independence and their right to make up their own minds. 2. The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.

3. Hawaii enjoys a mild climate year-round because of the season winds, the temperature varies little from day to night and from summer to winter

4. Americans take shorter and fewer vacations than people in most other industrialized countries. 5. The importance of strengthening ties between the US and China will grow even greater with the beginning of a new century.

6. Growing labor shortage in some field will give workers more rights to demand higher wages. 7. New York has become one of the largest and most powerful cities in the western world with a population of more than 8 million.

8. Despite its national wealth, poverty and serious income difference exist throughout the US. 9. Their power increased with their number.

10. It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.

11. The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child．

12. The night was chilly—it was early November．A light drizzle added to my discomfort ． 13. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.

14. She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen． 15. I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before．

16. She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．

17. Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth．

18. This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.

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第五章 几种语法结构的翻译方法

第一节 被动语态的译法

一、 翻译成汉语的主动句。

1. 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:

例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.

例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us. 例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.

2. 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:

例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.

例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.

另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that … It is believed that …

It is generally considered that … It is well known that … It will be said … It was told that …

3. 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:

例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.

例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.

例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

4. 翻译成汉语的无主句。 例如:

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例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.

例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.

例3.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.

另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … It is reported that … It is said that …

It is supposed that …

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … It must be admitted that … It must be pointed out that … It will be seen from this that …

5. 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:

例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

二、 译成汉语的被动语态。

英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如:

例1.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.

例2.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

例3.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

例4.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.

Exercises

1 It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.

2 The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 3 The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

4 Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed. 5 Shakespeare and Scott were read to me till I was about 12.

6 How long will it be before black and white television sets are found only in museums?

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7 He was regarded as a Republican by everybody, even though he had always thought of himself as an “Independent”.

8 He visited many places, in all of which he was received with the usual enthusiasm which attended his arduous labors.

第二节 名词从句的译法

一、主语从句

（一）以what, whatever, whoever, whether, when, where, how, why等词引导的主语从句，在翻译的时候，一般可以按照英语原文顺序来翻译。 Whatever is worth doing should be done well. Whether he comes or not makes no difference.

When we can begin the expedition is still a question.

（二）用it作形式主语的主语从句，可以把主语从句放到汉语句子最前面去翻译。为了强调起见，it一般可以译出来；如果不需要强调，it也可以不译出来。 It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash. It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.

Exercises

1. What we now will describe is how the magnetic nature of iron oxide can uniquely be exploited as a separation process utilizing a magnetic filtration system.

2. That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical

phenomenon.

3. Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist.

4. It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals

to levels anywhere near the standards.

5. It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.

二、宾语从句

（一）用that, what, how, when, which, why, whether, if 等引起的宾语从句，翻译成汉语的时候，一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。

I told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down. He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.

有时可加“说”字，再接下去翻译译英语原文宾语从句的内容。 Smith replied that he was sorry.

He would remind people again that it was decided not only by himself but by lots of others.

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Exercises

（二）用it 作形式宾语的句子，在翻译的时候，that所引导的宾语从句一般可按英语原文顺序翻译；it有时候可以不用翻译。

I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.

但有时候，也可以在译文中将that引导的宾语从句提前到句子最前面翻译。 I regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.

We consider it absolutely necessary that we should open our door to the outside world.

(三)介词引导的宾语从句。

介词宾语从句前面的介词可能和动词、形容词或副词有关。翻译时，顺序一般不变。如: The ultimate disposal of these treated waste waters is，however，a function of whatever local，

state and federal regulations may apply in any situation.

(四)直接引语作宾语从句。

翻译时引号保留，把逗号一律改为冒号。如:

The student asked the teacher，“How many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal

conditions?”

The law of Conservation and Transformation of Energy states that energy is indestructible

and the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Exercises

1.Manure supplies what is deficient in the soil.

2. Then one found it difficult to believe that one would fall all the way down to the center of the earth without gravity.

3. A simple experiment will show whether or not air does have weight.

4. As seen there are two“groups”of thyristors(半导体开关元件)which are fired according to whether the load voltage is to be positive or negative.

5. The lift component is not vertical except when the relative wind is horizontal.

6. Our practice proves that what is perceived cannot at once be comprehended and that only what is comprehended can be more deeply perceived.

三、表语从句

The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people.

His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.

That is why practice is the criterion of truth and why“the standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge”.

It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic field.

This is what is meant by“failure is the mother of success”and“a fall into the pit，a gain in your wit”.

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Exercises

1. The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.

2. The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.

3. That is why heat can melt ice，vaporize water and cause bodies to expand. 4. This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.

四、同位语从句

同位语从句主要是用来对名词作进一步的解释，说明名词的具体内容。能接同位语从句的名词主要有：belief（相信），fact（事实），hope（希望）， idea（想法，观点），doubt（怀疑），news（新闻，消息），rumor（传闻），conclusion（结论），evidence（证据），suggestion（建议），problem（问题），order（命令），answer（回答），decision（决定），discovery（发现），explanation（解释），information（消息），knowledge（知识），law（法律），opinion（意见，观点），truth（真理，事实），promise（承诺），report（报告），thought（思想），statement（声明），rule（规定），possibility（可能）等。

（一）一般来说，同位语从句可以直接翻译在主句后面。

He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again. There is a possibility that he is a spy.

（二）有时候在翻译同位语从句时，可以将其放在所修饰的名词前面，相当于前置的修饰语，但不一定使用定语的标志词“的”。这种情况下，同位语从句都是比较简单。 We know the fact that bodies possess weight. The rumor that he was arrested was unfounded.

（三）增加“即”（或者“以为”）这样的词来连接，或用冒号、破折号直接分开主句和同位语从句。

But this does not in any way alter the fact that they are now, from a practical point of view, irrational.

We have reached the conclusion that practice is the criterion for testing truth.

Not long ago, the scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.

Exercises

1. At the end of last century，an important discovery was made that everything was built partly of electrons.

2. The least we can get from what is mentioned above is the conclusion that the world is in constant change and motion.

3. Is this definition quite satisfactory that a thermometer is an instrument for measuring heat and cold?

4. There is only a remote possibility that many other elements will be found.

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第三节 定语从句的译法

( 一) 限制性定语从句

1. 合译法

合译法指把定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰词的前面，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。合译法一般适用于结构比较简单或具有描写性的限制性定语从句。

Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised:the velocity(速度)of light did not vary.

But such trouble is confined mainly to the railways on which the current is picked up from a third rail rather than from overhead conductors.

2. 分译法

如果限制性定语从句结构较为复杂。译成前置的定语短语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，从句一般与主句分译，往往可以译成后置的并列分句，也可以依据上下文译成前置的并列分句。

To kill weed which may sprawl rampantly among crops in the first several years，effective weedicide is needed to play the same role as ploughing fields does to eliminate weed.

As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions，an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.

3．融合法

当定语部分所给信息与被修饰词关系紧密、必不可少时，可将原来的语序打乱，用自己的话将原句中的主句与定语从句重新组织，译成一个独立的句子。

There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner，while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.

At a large terminal railway station，the work of the station master is largely administrative because of the extent of the operations and the staff of which he is in command.

4．断开法

当前置或后置都要影响上下文连贯时，可以将其放在主句中间，用破折号或括号等将其与主句断开。

The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris(星际碎片)from which Earth formed were just arriving.

（二）非限制性定语从句

1．译成独立句

一般来说，非限制性定语从句较少译成带“的”的定语词组。在翻译成汉语时可以将从句与主句分译，独立成句。

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Although he got generally good grades and was outstanding in mathematics，Einstein hated the academic high school he was sent to in Munich，where success depended on memorization and obedience to arbitrary authority.

One is the visible edge of the sun，which is a gaseous“surface”from which visible light photons(光子)freely emerge.

2．断开法

我们同样可以用括号或破折号将非限制性从句和主句断开。

All commercial communication satellites，which began to be launched in1965，are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits(地球同步轨道).

On this and succeeding days，during which our anticraft guns were doubled in numbers，very hard and continuous air fighting took place over the capital，and the Lufewaffe were still confident through their overestimation of our losses.

3．翻译成有状语职能的句子

非限制性定语从句在语义上有时起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。因此可将此类从句译为相应的状语分句。

Rockets perform best in space，where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.

Congress，which had met to continue its protests to the Crown，found itself raising an army and selecting George Washington as its commander in chief.

Exercises

1. Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.

2. The Greek assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of

thought, which took root in Europe long before people realize how diverse language could be. 3. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are

heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

4. There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that

will disable them when they offend.

5. The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of

tugboats.

6. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 7. If the probe takes，say，100years to make a copy of itself，then the average speed at which all probes would spread throughout the galaxy(星系)would be about1/25th the speed of light. 8. Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa，he found himself watching a swinging chandelier，which air currents shifted now in wide arcs，now in small ones.

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第四节 状语从句的译法

一、时间状语从句

1. 译成相应的表示时间的状语

1）When they analyzed these rocks, they foundshockedquartz grains—slivers with a particular arrangement of micro cracks believed to represent the relic left by an extraterrestrial impact.

2）As land developed, rain water and rivers dissolved salts and other substances from rocks and carried them to the oceans, making the ocean salty.

2. 根据语境确立译法

The story dated back to one night in march, 1993, when mr.and mrs.shoemakers went to an observatory near san diego, california to observe heavenly bodies till dawn.

Something further must be done to the amplified signals before they can be sent to the transmitting antenna.

二、条件状语从句

1）Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.

2）The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.

三、原因状语从句

1）You jump on the bandwagonwhen you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.

2）He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference, so they often put blocks of material inside to absorb stray signals.

四、让步状语从句

1．译成表示让步的分句，如虽然…但是…，尽管…等。

Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less space.

2. 译成条件句

No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.

五、目的状语从句

1. 将表示目的的从句前置

For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.

2. 表示目的的从句后置

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1）The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.

2）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

六、倒装和强调

还原倒装部分和强调部分后在翻译

1）For example, they do not compensate for gross social equality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

2） But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were patterns and structures that existed 15billions years ago.

Exercise

1. For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.

2. The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.

3. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

4. Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.

5. The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.

6. You jump on the bandwagonwhen you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.

7. He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference, so they often put blocks of material inside to absorb stray signals.

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第六章 语篇翻译

第一节 教育

（1）College education: The ladder of fame

ON AUGUST 18th US News & World Report released its 2007 rankings of America’s top colleges. The survey began in 1983 as a simple straw poll, when the magazine asked 662 college presidents to identify the country’s best places of learning. It has since mutated into an annual ordeal for reputable universities. A strong showing in the rankings spurs student interest and alumni giving; a slip has grave consequences for public relations.

University administrators deeply dislike the survey. Many reject the idea that schools can be stacked up against one another in any meaningful way. And the survey’s methodology is suspect. The rankings are still based partly on peer evaluations. They compare rates of alumni giving, which has little to do with the transmission of knowledge. Besides, the magazine’s data are supplied by the schools and uncorroborated. But whether the rankings are fair is beside the point, because they are wildly influential. In the 1983 survey barely half of the presidents approached bothered to respond. Today, only a handful dare abstain. Most, in fact, do more than simply fill out the survey. Competition between colleges for top students is increasing, partly because of the very popularity of rankings. Colin Diver, the president of Reed College in Oregon, considers that “rankings create powerful incentives to manipulate data and distort institutional behaviour.” A school may game the system by soliciting applications from students who stand no chance of admission, or by leaning on alumni to arrange jobs for graduates. Reed is one of the few prominent colleges that dares to disdain to take part in the US News survey. In some ways, the scramble to attract applicants has helped students. Universities such as Duke in North Carolina and Rice in Houston are devoting more money to scholarships. That seems a reasonable response to the challenge of the rankings, as the National Centre for Education Statistics reckons that roughly two-thirds of undergraduates rely on financial aid. Other colleges, though, are trying to drum up excitement by offering perks that would have been unheard of a generation ago. Students at the University of California, Los Angeles now appreciate weekly maid service in the dorms. “The elevators”, enthused a respondent to an online survey, “smell lemon fresh.” Students at Pennsylvania State University enjoy free access to Napster, the music-sharing service. Multi-million dollar gyms have become so common that they are unremarkable. University officials, defending this strategy, often imply that they are only responding to student demand. Discouraging words for those who believe that a college’s job is to educate, not coddle.

第二节 人文

（2）Seychelles（塞舌尔）: A president in paradise

BEST known as a destination for honeymooners in search of perfect white beaches and

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swaying palms, the Seychelles islands rarely make any sort of headlines.

Few tourists would even have noticed the presidential election on July 30th, in which James Michel, leader of the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, was returned with 54% of the ballot. 1. For Mr. Michel, it was the first time he had faced the islands-62,000-odd voters, having been promoted from vice-president two years ago by his predecessor, Albert René, who had ruled the islands for 27 years since taking power in a coup in 1977. 2. To the casual eye, Seychelles seems both fortunate and well-governed. The 115 islands, most of them uninhabited, cover a mere 445 square kilometers (175 square miles) of the Indian Ocean, north of Madagascar, and enjoy several advantages over most of the rest of Africa. The weather is never extreme. There is no malaria. The islanders have free education and health care. Their multiracial society is pretty harmonious. 3.With GDP at around $8,000 a head, there is almost no discernible poverty. 4.But this standard of living has come at a cost: the IMF says its public debt is too high and may be unsustainable. Mr. Michel's main opposition, the Seychelles National Party, which scored 46% in the elections, claims that Seychelles, per person, is the world's most indebted country; with some $590m of external debt for just 82,000 people, it is certainly one of them. A black market in foreign currency already exists as speculation persists that the government, unable to meet its obligations, may be forced to devalue. Basic consumer goods sometimes run out. If, as the IMF predicts, GDP falls by over 1% this year, Mr. Michel may find his next five years in power more testing than he had hoped.

The country needs more ways of making money. In the cold war, it was easy. 5.The Seychelles played each side off against the other, remaining a member of the Commonwealth as well as the Non-Aligned Movement and taking military aid from the Soviet Union while leasing a satellite tracking station to the Americans.

Since those streams of revenue dried up, the main Seychellois streams of revenue have been from tourism-leasing land to foreign hoteliers-and from tuna（金枪鱼）: the government earns about $200m a year from selling tuna-fishing licenses to Spain, France and South Korea.

But conflict in the Middle East has brought Seychelles an unexpected bonus: Western warships stop off in the islands, which offer rest and recreation. The soldiers and sailors scuba dive , sail and drink Seybrew, the local beer-and pay for it all in hard currency. 第三节 环境

（3）Poor nations to bear brunt as world warms

Poor nations to bear brunt as world warms

The world’s richest countries, which have contributed by far the most to the atmospheric changes linked to global warming, are already spending billions of dollars to limit their own risks from its worst consequences, like drought and rising seas.

But despite longstanding treaty commitments to help poor countries deal with warming, these industrial powers are spending just tens of millions of dollars on ways to limit climate and coastal hazards in the world’s most vulnerable regions-most of them close to the equator and

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overwhelmingly poor.

Next Friday, a new report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a United Nations body that since 1990 has been assessing global warming, will underline this growing climate divide, according to scientists involved in writing it-with wealthy nations far from the equator not only experiencing fewer effects but also better able to withstand them.

Two-thirds of the atmospheric buildup of carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas that can persist in the air for centuries, has come in nearly equal proportions from the United States and Western European countries. Those and other wealthy nations are investing in windmill-powered plants that turn seawater to drinking water, in flood barriers and floatable homes, and in grains and soybeans genetically altered to flourish even in a drought.

In contrast, Africa accounts for less than 3 percent of the global emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel burning since 1900, yet its 840 million people face some of the biggest risks from drought and disrupted water supplies, according to new scientific assessments. As the oceans swell with water from melting ice sheets, it is the crowded river deltas in southern Asia and Egypt, along with small island nations, that are most at risk.

\"Like the sinking of the Titanic, catastrophes are not democratic,\" said Henry I. Miller, a fellow with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. \"A much higher fraction of passengers from the cheaper decks were lost. We’ll see the same phenomenon with global warming.\"

\"The inequity of this whole situation is really enormous if you look at who’s responsible and who’s suffering as a result,\" said Rajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of the United Nations climate panel. In its most recent report, in February, the panel said that decades of warming and rising seas were inevitable with the existing greenhouse-gas buildup, no matter what was done about cutting future greenhouse gas emissions.

Many other experts insist this is not an either-or situation. They say that cutting the vulnerability of poor regions needs much more attention, but add that unless emissions are curbed, there will be centuries of warming and rising seas that will threaten ecosystems, water supplies, and resources from the poles to the equator, harming rich and poor.

（4）Why GM is good for us

Farm-raised pigs are dirty, smelly animals that get no respect. They’re also an environmental hazard. 1. Their manure （肥料，粪便）contains phosphorus（磷）, which, when it rains, runs off into lakes and estuaries（河口）, depleting oxygen, killing fish, stimulating algae（水藻） overgrowth and emitting greenhouse gases.

Doing away with the pig is not an option. Pigs provide more dietary protein, more cheaply, to more people than any other animal. Northern Europe still maintains the highest pig-to-human ratio in the world (2-1 in Denmark), but East Asia is catching up. During the 1990s, pork production doubled in Vietnam and grew by 70 percent in China—along densely populated coastlines, pig density exceeds 100 animals per square kilometer. The resulting pollution is “threatening fragile coastal marine habitats including mangroves(红树林), coral （珊瑚）reefs （礁） and sea grasses,” according to a report released in February by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

As it turns out, there is a solution to the pig problem, but it requires a change of mind-set among environmentalists and the public. Two Canadian scientists have created a pig whose

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manure doesn’t contain very much phosphorus at all.2. If this variety of pig were adopted widely, it could greatly reduce a major source of pollution. But the Enviropig, as they call it, is the product of genetic modification—which is anathema(忌讳) to many Westerners.

The Enviropig is one of many new technologies that are putting environmentalists and organic-food proponents in a quandary（窘困，不知所措）: should they remain categorically(无条件的) opposed to genetically modified (GM) foods even at the expense of the environment? Elsewhere, trees grown for paper could be made amenable to much more efficient processing, reducing both energy usage and toxic chemical bleach in effluents（污水）from paper mills.3. The most significant GM applications will be ones that help alleviate the problem of agriculture, which accounts for 38 percent of the world’s landmass and is crowding out natural ecosystems and species habitats.

In fact, although all commonly used pesticides dissipate so quickly that they pose a miniscule （小字的）health risk to consumers, allergic food reactions to natural products kill hundreds of children each year. Genetically modified foods could greatly reduce this risk. U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist Eliot Herman has already created a less-allergenic soybean—an important crop for baby foods. 4. Through genetic surgery, Herman turned off the soy gene responsible for 65 percent of allergic reactions. Not only was the modified soy less allergenic in tests but, as Herman explained, “the yield looks perfectly normal, plants develop and grow at a normal rate and they seem to have the same kinds of protein, oil and other good stuff in them.” Other scientists have reported promising results in shutting off allergy-causing genes in peanuts and shrimp. 5.Should these advances be turned into products, organic soy or peanut products will be certifiably more dangerous to human health than comparable nonorganic products.

Unfortunately, this won’t happen any time soon. Because no society has ever banned allergenic foods, conventional farmers have no incentive to plant reduced-allergy seeds. And many members of the public have been led to believe that all genetic modifications create health risks. In this climate, much of the needed research isn’t being pursued. 6. Chances are, farmers will continue to grow their polluting organic pork, their allergenic organic soy and their neurotoxinsprayed organic apples. 7. Worse still, they will make sure that no one else gets a choice in the matter of improving the conditions of life on earth—unless, that is, others rise up and demand an alternative.

第四节 科技

(5) Brain cancer: Happy families, hidden dangers

It is well known that many sorts of cancer run in families; in other words you get them (or,

at least, a genetic predisposition towards them) from your parents. The idea that you can get cancer from your brothers and sisters is more surprising. But that is the conclusion of a study conducted by Andrea Altieri and his colleagues at the German Cancer Research Centre, in Heidelberg.

1. Dr Altieri was looking for evidence to support the idea that at least some brain cancers are triggered by viruses and that children in large families are therefore at greater risk, because they .;

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are more likely to be exposed to childhood viral infections. This is not a new suggestion, but brain cancer is rare, and its rarity makes it hard to study systematically. In any field of science, small samples lead to spurious（伪造的，假的，欺骗性的） results. 2. To find reliable answers to questions about something as infrequent as brain cancer, a whole country’s worth of data is needed.

Fortunately, at least one country can provide those data: Sweden. And in the current issue of Neurology, Dr Altieri describes what he discovered when he analysed the records of the Swedish Family Cancer Database. This includes everyone born in Sweden since 1931, together with their parents even if born before that date.

More than 13,600 Swedes have developed brain tumours in the intervening（发生于期间的） decades. In small families there was no relationship between an individual’s risk of brain cancer and the number of siblings he had. However, children in families with five or more offspring had twice the average chance of developing brain cancer over the course of their lives compared with those who had no brothers and sisters at all. Digging deeper, Dr Altieri found a more startling result.

When he looked at those people who had had their cancer as children or young teenagers he found the rate was even higher—and that it was particularly high for those with many younger siblings. 3. Under-15s with three or more younger siblings were 3.7 times more likely than only children to develop a common type of brain cancer called a meningioma（脑膜瘤）, and at significantly higher risk of every other form of the disease that the researchers considered.

4. This finding, added to evidence linking viruses to a broad mixture of different cancers, has led Dr Altieri and his team to propose that bugs caught during childhood from younger siblings, may, indeed, lead to brain tumours. 5. The initial premise of the argument, that the more children there are to bite, spit, climb and cuddle together, the more infections they pick up, has been demonstrated in studies on nursery schools. 6. But the mechanisms by which younger siblings have more influence than elder ones are speculative. Experience suggests that snotty-nosed toddlers（小孩） pass their infections on to family members more frequently than older children do. So it could simply be the frequency of infection that is important. 7.An eldest child will be exposed to all of his siblings’ infections when they are at the snotty-nosed toddler stage; a second child will be exposed to one fewer; and so on.

（6 ）Animal behaviour: A stilted story

If there were a Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Ants, （1）Matthias Wittlinger of the University of Ulm, in Germany, would probably be top of its hate list. The reason is that Dr Wittlinger and his colleagues have, as they report in this week’s Science, been chopping the feet off ants. And not only that. They have been making other ants walk around on stilts.

Saharan desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis have to travel long distances to discover food in their impoverished, sandy environment. （2）How they find their way home once they have done so is a mystery. Ants in more temperate climates often lay down chemical trails, but Cataglyphis, .;

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apparently, does not.（3）Like honeybees and ancient mariners, they can navigate by the sun, so they know the general direction in which to travel. But, also like ancient mariners (who knew their latitude, but not their longitude), such solar reckoning cannot tell them when to stop.

（4）Dr Wittlinger, therefore, decided to investigate a century-old hypothesis that desert ants have internal pedometers—in other words, they count their steps out, and they count them back. When one total matches the other, they are home. (5)To test this idea he trained his ants to walk from their nests to a feeding station through a ten-metre-long channel. （6）When they had picked up the food, he caught them and made them return through a different channel, which also led to the nest. （7）When they made this return journey, they began their characteristic nest-searching behaviour, quartering the ground in detail looking for the entrance, after travelling about ten metres.

Once the ants had mastered this trick, the experiment proper began. Some ants, when they arrived at the feeding station, had the ends of their legs amputated, to shorten their stride length. Others were fitted with stilts（高跷） in the form of pig-bristles（短而硬的毛发） glued to their feet. Both lots were then returned to the feeding station, to make the journey home.

(8)As predicted, the ants on stilts, whose stride-length meant their internal pedometers had not clicked enough times, walked blithely past their nests, and were left stranded（束手无策的，进退两难的） almost five metres on the far side before they started looking for the hole.(9) Meanwhile, the poor stumped ants travelled only about six metres before they started their search.

The story, however, has a happy ending. Having proved his point, Dr Wittlinger returned both stumped and stilted ants to the nest and gave them a few days to recover. Then he let them out for another run. Now that they could re-count their outbound（开往外地的） journeys, they were able to calculate the journey home correctly.

Ants may not be very bright, (10)but it seems they have a head for figures.

(7)Can milk make you happy? Can fish make you smart?

Imagine yourself lying in bed, your mind in turmoil. You toss and turn, but sleep won't come. 1. Maybe a bedtime snack would help. What should you choose? If you think first of toaster waffles(华夫饼) or popcorn, some experts would say 2. you're on the right track. Foods high in complex carbohydrates-such as cereals, potatoes, pasta（(常伴以肉酱、乳酪的)面食）, crackers（(淡或咸的)薄脆饼干）, or rice cakes-make many people relaxed and drowsy.

3. Missed that one? Try again. Suppose the weather's rotten, you forgot your homework, and your best friend's mad at you. 4. What's good medicine when you're feeling low? 5.A sugary cola or candy may give you a quick lift, but you'll crash just as quickly. Better choices may be Brazil nuts (for selenium硒), skim milk (for calcium钙), or a spinach salad (for folic acid叶酸). 6. In research studies, all three of those nutrients have been shown to lift spirits and battle the blues. .;

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7. Try one more. You have a math test coming up in the afternoon. You want to be sharp, but you usually feel sleepy after lunch. Is your best choice an energy fix of fries and a shake奶昔or a broiled烤,炙 chicken breast and low-fat yogurt酸奶酪? 8. If you pick the high-fat fries and shake, you may feel sluggish and blow that test. The protein-rich chicken and yogurt are better choices. Protein foods energize, some experts say.

How does food affect mood and mind? 9.The answer may lie in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters神经传递素 are chemical messengers. 10.They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules from one neuron and their attachment to receptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving.

11.Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you stub your toe. They also carry messages in the other direction, from the brain to the muscles. 12.That's why you back away from the obstacle that initiated the pain signal and exclaim, \"Ouch!\"

13. \"Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat,\" says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production, Chudler says. For example, tryptophan色氨酸 from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin血清素. Phenylalanine本机丙氨酸 from beets甜菜, almonds杏仁, eggs, meat, and grains goes into making the neurotransmitter dopamine多巴胺.

Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. 14.Their effects depend on their amounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, and contentment. Drugs that prevent its reuptake(神经细胞对化学物质的)再吸收,再摄取(into the neuron that released it) are prescribed to treat depression. In at least some healthy, nondepressed people, carbohydrate foods seem to enhance serotonin production and produce similar effects. 15. \"It is the balance between different neurotransmitters that helps regulate mood,\" Chudler says.

Proper nutrition may also enhance brainpower. Choline（ 维生素Ｂ复合体之一） is a substance similar to the B vitamins. It's found in egg yolks蛋黄, whole wheat, peanuts, milk, green peas, liver, beans, seafood, and soybeans. The brain uses it to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine乙酰胆碱 . To test the effects of choline on memory and learning, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave memory tests to college students before increasing the amount of choline in their subjects diets. Later, they retested. On the average, memories were better, and the students learned a list of unrelated words more easily.

第五节 经济

（8）The falling dollar

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1.THE dollar’s tumble this week was attended by predictable shrieks from the markets; but as it fell to a 20-month low of $1.32 against the euro, the only real surprise was that it had not slipped sooner. 2. Indeed, there are good reasons to expect its slide to continue, dragging it below the record low of $1.36 against the euro that it hit in December 2004.

The recent decline was triggered by nasty news about the American economy. New figures this week suggested that the housing market’s troubles are having a wider impact on the economy. Consumer confidence and durable-goods orders both fell more sharply than expected. In contrast, German business confidence has risen to a 15-year high. There are also mounting concerns that central banks in China and elsewhere, which have been piling up dollars assiduously for years, may start selling.

Yet cyclical factors only partly explain why the dollar has been strong. At bottom, its attractiveness is based more on structural factors-or, more accurately, on an illusion about structural differences between the American and European economies.

The main reason for the dollar’s strength has been the widespread belief that the American economy vastly outperformed the world’s other rich country economies in recent years. But the figures do not support the hype. Sure, America’s GDP growth has been faster than Europe’s, but that is mostly because its population has grown more quickly too. Dig deeper and the difference shrinks. 3. Official figures of productivity growth, which should in theory be an important factor driving currency movements, exaggerate America’s lead. 4. If the two are measured on a comparable basis, productivity growth over the past decade has been almost the same in the euro area as it has in America. Even more important, the latest figures suggest that, whereas productivity growth is now slowing in America, it is accelerating in the euro zone.

So, contrary to popular perceptions, America’s economy has not significantly outperformed Europe’s in recent years. And to achieve this not-much-better-than parity, America has had to pump itself full of steroids. 5. Since 2000 its structural budget deficit (after adjusting for the impact of the economic cycle) has widened sharply, while American households’ saving rate has plunged, causing the current-account deficit to swell. Over the same period, the euro-area economies saw no fiscal stimulus and household saving barely budged.

America’s growth, thus, has been driven by consumer spending. 6. That spending, supported by dwindling saving and increased borrowing, is clearly unsustainable; and the consequent economic and financial imbalances must inevitably unwind. As that happens, the country could face a prolonged period of slower growth.

As for Europe, the old continent is hobbled by inflexible product and labour markets. But that, paradoxically, is an advantage: it means the place has a lot of scope for improvement. Some European countries are beginning to contemplate (and, to a limited extent, undertake) economic reforms. If they push ahead, their growth could actually speed up over the coming years. Once investors spot this, they are likely to conclude that the euro is a better bet than the dollar.

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