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后河自然保护区珍稀植物群落主要种群结构及分布格局研究

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应用生态学报2004年12月 第15卷第12期 CHINESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY,Dec.2004,15(12):2401~2404 拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的种间竞争 何余容 吕利华 陈科伟¨ ( 华南农业大学昆虫生态室,广州510642; 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所,广州510640) Interspecific competition between Trichograraraa confusum and T.pretiosum on Corcyra cephaloica factitious eggs.HE Yurong ,LU Lihua ,CHEN Kewei ( Laboratory of Insect Ecology,South China Agricultural Un — versity,Guangzhou 510642,China; Plant Protection Research Institute,Guangdong Academy ofAgricultural Sciences,Guangzhon 510640,CAina).一 in.J.App1.Eco1.,2004,15(12):2401~2404. By moans of single and mixed inoculation。this paper studied the interspecific competition between T.confusuDz and T.pretiosum on the factitious eggs of Corcyra cephaloica under different parasitoid densities,host densitis eand inoculated spaces.The results showed that for both singly and mixed inoculated groups,the parasitism in— creased with parasitoid density but decreased with host density,whereas the percentage of female progeny dropped with parasitoid density but enhanced with host density.No significant effect Was observed on adult emer— gence for all parasitoid and host density treatments.In mixed inoculated group。the proportion of T.pretiosum in the progeny decreased with parasitoid density but increased with host density.and Was more than 50%in all treatments.indicating that T.pretiosum had a stronger competitive ability than T.confusuDz.In the spaces ranging from 4 cm to 102 cm ,the parasitism decreased gradually in both singly and mixed inoculated groups. The percentage of female progeny and adult emergence had no significant difference among different inoculated spaces.In mixed inoculatd group.the preoportion of T.pretiosum in the progeny Was more than 50%in all treatments except space 102 crn ,but decreased with space。which suggested that T.confusum could improve their competitive ability through increasing their search areas and looking for more hosts. Key words Trichogramma confu5UTIZ,T.pretiosum,Corcyra cephaloica,Interspecific competition. 文章编号1001—9332(2004)12—2401—04中图分类号Q968.1文献标识码A 对寄主的辨别能力和种间竞争进行过研究,发现稻螟赤眼蜂 1引 言 可寄生被其它两种赤眼蜂寄生过的寄主卵,竞争能力最强. 朱耀沂等【3,131比较了螟黄赤眼蜂(T.chilonis)和玉米螟赤眼 蜂(T.ostrinae)在不同接蜂密度、不同寄主卵密度、不同接 小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)是十字花科蔬菜的一种重要 害虫.20世纪70年代以来,化学杀虫剂的大量使用和抗性 的产生,使小菜蛾成为南亚、东南亚和中国南方蔬菜生产中 最为严重的害虫[8,22】.因此。寻求安全有效的生物防治措施 蜂空间和不同温度条件下的种间竞争,探讨两种蜂在室内繁 殖的最适宜条件.以上研究所用的材料均为本地的赤眼蜂 种,而对本地赤眼蜂种与外来赤眼蜂种之间竞争的研究却未 见报道.本试验拟通过研究本地寄生于小菜蛾的拟澳洲赤眼 蜂和引入的短管赤眼蜂在中间寄主米蛾卵上的种间竞争,评 价两种赤眼蜂对寄主资源的利用能力,探讨两种蜂在室内保 种和繁殖的适宜条件. 是防治小菜蛾的必要途径[ 引.赤眼蜂(Trichogramma)是一 类多食性的卵寄生蜂。近百年来已被成功地用于防治为害多 种作物及森林的害虫【2¨,但研究和利用赤眼蜂防治小菜蛾 只有10来年的历史[12,23】.通过在室内外对寄生于小菜蛾的 赤眼蜂蜂种和品系的筛选,拟澳洲赤眼蜂(Trichogramma confuSUeZ)和短管赤眼蜂(丁.pretiosum)被认为是防治小菜 蛾的优良蜂种[ ・ ・ ・ ・ 9一. 2材料与方法 2.1供试材料 种间竞争在很大程度上可引起群落结构大小和稳定性 的变化,甚至导致害虫天敌引种工作的失败[201.因此,在生 物防治领域,寄生蜂间相互竞争的研究一直较受重 视【 ,10,"~ ’・ 2s].拟澳洲赤眼蜂是我国南方寄生小菜蛾的 本地优势蜂种【5.9】,而短管赤眼蜂是美国用于防治棉铃虫的 优势蜂种【11】,在我国属于外来引入天敌.不同的赤眼蜂蜂种 之间存在着相互竞争现象【15,25】,在引入外地的优良蜂种时, 应对其与本地种之间的种间竞争进行研究,预测其可能引起 拟澳洲赤眼蜂采自我国广东省,短管赤眼蜂来自美国, 均在室内用米蛾(Corcyra cephaloica)卵连续繁殖20代以上. 繁蜂用米蛾卵系本室用面粉饲养米蛾所产的当天卵,接蜂前 用30 w的紫外光灯照射1 h杀死胚胎,繁蜂温度为28℃. 2.2研究方法 2.2.1不同蜂密度条件下种间竞争 粘有100粒米蛾卵的 *国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(39930120,30370966) **通讯联系人. 2003一ll一28收稿,2004一O4—16接受. 的环境风险I16].在我国,郭明防【4】曾就稻螟赤眼蜂(T. japanicum)、拟澳洲赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂(T.dendrolimi) 2402 应用生态学报 15卷 卵卡,放入直径1 cm、长5 cm的指形管中,接蜂前用小毛笔 在指形管壁内轻轻涂上30%的蜂蜜水供给赤眼蜂补充营 超过了50%,说明短管赤眼蜂较拟澳洲赤眼蜂的竞争能力强. 并随寄主卵量的增加,这种竞争能力逐渐加强,从另一方面说明 了短管赤眼蜂成蜂之间存在相互干扰作用.当寄主卵量较少时。 成蜂之间的相互干扰作用导致其竞争能力降低. 100 a a 养,每管单独接入已充分交配的拟澳洲赤眼蜂、短管赤眼蜂 雌蜂2…4 6 8和10头或混合接入每种蜂1、2、3、4和5头雌 蜂。放入28℃全黑暗的温箱中让其寄生.1 d后将雌蜂引出, 待寄生卵发育羽化、子代蜂死亡后检查卵寄生率、子代成蜂 羽化率、雌性百分率.由于两种蜂在体色上非常相似,不易区 分。而两种赤眼蜂28℃条件下,在米蛾卵上繁殖的雌性百分 率为80%~85%。且具有相似的逐日产雌分配【 ,即两种赤 8O 60 40 b 眼蜂雄蜂比例大致相等.因此,将混合接蜂处理中所有的子 代雄蜂解剖,以雄性外生殖器来确定蜂的种类,并以此代表 子代中两种蜂的比例. 2.2.2不同卵密度条件下的种间竞争 将粘有20、40、60、 80、100粒当天产米蛾卵的卵卡,放入直径1 cm、长5 cm的 指形管中,接蜂前用小毛笔在管壁内轻轻涂上30%的蜂蜜 水供给赤眼蜂补充营养,每管单独接入已充分交配的拟澳洲 赤眼蜂、短管赤眼蜂雌蜂2头或混合接入已充分交配的每种 蜂的雌蜂1头,放入28℃全黑暗的温箱中让其寄生,1 d后 将雌蜂引出。结果检查同2.2.1. 2.2.3不同空间条件下的种间竞争 在高和直径分别为5 cm×1 cm(4 cm )、6 cm×1.3 cm(8 cm )、7 cm×2 cm(22 cm )、8 cm×2.9 cm(53 cm )和9 cm×3.8 cm(102 cm )的 玻璃管内放入粘有100粒当天产米卵的卵卡,接蜂前用小毛 笔在管壁内轻轻涂上30%的蜂蜜水以供给赤眼蜂补充营 养.每管单独接入已充分交配的拟澳洲赤眼蜂、短管赤眼蜂 雌蜂2头或混合接入已充分交配的每种蜂的雌蜂1头,放入 28℃全黑暗的温箱中让其寄生,1 d后将雌蜂引出,结果检 查同2.2.1. 每种处理10管。试验重复3次.试验结果采用DPS软 件进行Duncan’s多重比较[24]. 3结果与分析 3.1不同蜂密度条件下的种间竞争 由图1可见,两蜂无论是单独接蜂还是混合接蜂,对米 蛾卵的寄生率基本随赤眼蜂密度的增加而增加,但短管赤眼 蜂单独接蜂时,其寄生率在各种蜂密度条件下都低于拟澳洲 赤眼蜂单独接蜂和混合接蜂.后代雌蜂百分率随蜂密度的增 加而减少,而羽化率则变化不大.混合接蜂后代中,短管赤眼 蜂的百分率随蜂密度的增加而减少,但无论何种接蜂密度, 均超过50%。说明短管赤眼蜂较拟澳洲赤眼蜂的竞争能力 强。但随蜂密度的增加,拟澳洲赤眼蜂的竞争能力逐渐加强, 从另一方面说明了短管赤眼蜂成蜂之间存在相互干扰作用, 当蜂过多时。相互闻的干扰作用降低了竞争能力. 3.2不同卵密度条件下的种间竞争 图2表明,两蜂无论是单独接蜂还是混合接蜂,对米蛾卵的 寄生率基本随寄主卵量的增加而逐渐下降,后代雌蜂百分率则 随卵量的增加而增加。而羽化率变化不大.混合接蜂后代雄蜂中 短管赤眼蜂的百分率随卵量的增加而增加,但无论何种卵量,均 20 益 g 基 山 褂 求 舡 1OO 8O 60 40 20 0 2 4 6 8 l0 蜂密度Parasitoid density find) 图1蜂密度对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂竞争能力的影响 Fig.1 Interspecies competition of T.confusum and T.pretiosum un— der different parasitoid densities. A:拟澳洲赤眼蜂单独接蜂T.co.fUS“m only;B:短管赤眼蜂单独接 蜂T.pretios“m only;C:拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂混合接蜂T. ∞n s“m and T.pretiosum both.1)寄生率Parasitism.2)羽化率E. mergency,3)子代雌蜂率Female proportion in progeny,4)子代中短管 赤眼蜂比例T.pretiosum proportion in progeny.小写字母为Duncan’ s多重比较结果,同一条线中不同字母表示差异显著The SalTle letters in a line are not significantly diferent from each other(P<0.05;DM. RTmethod).下同The ̄31"ne below. 100 8O 60 40 20 一 盐 g g 8 山 料 窿 图2寄主卵密度对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂竞争能力的影响 Fig.2 Interspecies competition of T.confusum and T.pretiosum an— der diferent host densities. l2期 何余容等:拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的种问竞争 2403 接蜂空间Space(cm ) 图3接蜂空间对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和短管赤眼蜂竞争能力的影响 Fig.3 Interspecies competition of T.confusuta and T.pretiosum un- der different spaces. 3.3不同空问条件下的种间竞争 图3结果表明,无论是单独接蜂还是混合接蜂,两蜂对 米蛾卵的寄生率基本随接蜂所处空间的增加而明显下降,羽 化率和后代雌蜂百分率则变化不大.混合接蜂后代雄蜂中短 管赤眼蜂的百分率随接蜂空问的增加而降低,除102 c 空 间外,其它处理均超过了5O%,说明尽管短管赤眼蜂较拟澳 洲赤眼蜂的竞争能力强,但拟澳洲赤眼蜂具有较强的扩散能 力,当与短管赤眼蜂发生竞争时,能通过在空间中的扩散寻 找更多的寄主卵来提高其竞争能力. 4讨 论 两种赤眼蜂在米蛾卵上的竞争结果表明,不同蜂密度、 寄主卵密度和接蜂空间条件下,短管赤眼蜂比拟澳洲赤眼蜂 具有更强的竞争能力,但其竞争能力随蜂密度和接蜂空间的 增加逐渐减弱.即短管赤眼蜂成蜂之间存在相互干扰作用, 当蜂密度过多或寄主卵量过少时,相互间的干扰作用降低了 其竞争能力.而拟澳洲赤眼蜂具有较强的扩散能力,能通过 在空间中的扩散寻找更多的寄主卵来提高其竞争能力.由于 两种蜂在体积、体色等方面几乎没有多大差别,凭肉眼不易 区分,往往需通过对雄性外生殖器的解剖才能将其准确区别 开。在室内繁蜂时,如果在拟澳洲赤眼蜂中混人了短管赤眼 蜂,繁殖一定代数后很容易将拟澳洲赤眼蜂淘汰掉,因此在 室内繁蜂时应注意蜂种隔离. 拟澳洲赤眼蜂是我国应用较多的赤眼蜂种之一,已被成 功地用于防治甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra berassicae)、甘蔗螟虫 (Diatroea spp.)、棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera)等害虫【l引.我 国赤眼蜂的人工繁殖技术处于世界领先地位,拟澳洲赤眼蜂 可以用米蛾卵、柞蚕卵以及人工卵进行繁殖f27】,并进行工厂 化生产.人工释放拟澳洲赤眼蜂作为防治小菜蛾的一种生物 措施,由于产品可以工厂化生产,并有充足的来源.因此具有 广阔的应用前景.短管赤眼蜂是美国防治棉铃虫的优势蜂 种【】川,生活能力较强,寄主范围也较广,其竞争能力较拟澳 洲赤眼蜂强.其大量释放有可能对本地的优势种拟澳洲赤眼 蜂产生排斥作用,具有一定的环境风险.因此,对短管赤眼蜂 的大面积应用应慎重. 参考文献 l Brower JH,Press JW.1988.Interaction between the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum(Hymenoptera:Trichograramatidae)and a predator,XylocoHs flavlpes(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)of the al— mond moth,Eadra cautel/a(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)..,Ent Sc ,23 (4):342--349 2 Chen K.W(陈科伟),Huang ss(黄寿山)。He Y.R(何余容). 2002.Analysis of the reproductive potential of two Trichogramma species on the eggs of diamondback moth.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学 报),22(8):1293~1296(in Chinese) 3 Chu Y.I(朱耀沂),Li R.L(黎瑞玲).1991.Interspecific ocmpeti. tino ebtween Trlchogramrrm chilonis Ishii and T.ostriniae Pang et Chen under different inoculated wasp density and host density. 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