动词时态与语态
一. 教学内容：
动词时态与语态
二. 动词时态考查要点简述
1. 一般现在时考点分析
①表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100℃.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表示“意愿”，但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会，我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. 一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。
①一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般过去时的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
3. 一般将来时考点分析。
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语连用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do的用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即刻，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
4. 现在进行时考点分析。
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby. (I start bathing the baby before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public. (与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表示存在状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）。
①常用过去完成时的几种情况：
（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句
以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station.
（B）表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned … + to have done。
e.g. We had hoped to meet you at the airport, but…= I hoped to have met you at the airport, but…
（C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.
（D）表示“一……就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。
We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
6. 过去将来时考点分析
参照一般将来时对比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表示过去将来；come、go、leave等过去进行时表示过去将来；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表示过去将来。
7. 过去进行时考点分析。
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。
—What were you doing yesterday evening?
—I was helping my father fixing his computer.
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
8. 现在完成时考点分析。
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
He was been in the party for ten years.
②下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This (That / It) is the first (second…) time that + 完成时
This (That / It) is the only … + that + 完成时
This (that / It) is the best / finest / most interesting … + that + 完成时
It is ten years since I left college.
This is the second time that I have come here.
This is the most beautiful place I have ever visited.
③在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
三. 注意几组时态的区别：
1. 一般过去时与现在完成时：
时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般
过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”，和现在毫无关系。
试一试: A:I can’t find my watch. _______ you ________(see) it anywhere?
B: Yes. You ________(leave) it on the desk yesterday. I ______________(put) it in your bag.
2. 过去完成时与一般过去时：
过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓”）形式则只用一般过去时即可。
试一试: 1) By the time I got there, most of the visitors ____________(arrive).
2) The father was very angry to see what his son __________(do).
四. 被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语也用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by短语有时可以省略）。
1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long (by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
2. 不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中,如:disappear, happen, occur, add up to, belong to , break out, come down（流传下来）, come out（出版）, come true, give out, run out, take place等。
②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
This clothes dry easily.
His book doesn’t sell well.
3. 主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表示被动。
4. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.（He hid himself behind the door.）他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
5. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.（被动语态）
The book is well sold.（系表结构）
题型
1（09天津） _____ by the advances in technology, many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.
A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging
C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged
【答案】C
2（09浙江）_______and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
A. the; a B. Tired C. Tiring D. Being tired
【答案】B
3（09浙江）There is a great deal of evidence _______ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.
【答案】B
A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicate D. to be indicating
4（09重庆） Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______with his old one.
A. comparing B. compares
C. to compare D. compared
【答案】D
5(09重庆)With the world changing fast, we have something new ______
with all by ourselves every day.
A. deal B. dealt
C. to deal D. dealing
【答案】C
6（09全国2 ）They use computers to keep the traffic smoothly.
A. being run B. run C. to run D. running
【答案】D
【解析】考查非谓语动词Ving，这儿构成(keep sth. doing。
7（09江苏）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, reduce unemployment pressures.
A. help B. to have helped C. to help D. having helped
【答案】C
8（09江苏）Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school, the ceremony of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni (校友) from home and abroad.
A. Attend B. To attend C. Attending D. Having attended
【答案】C
9（09福建）-Why does the Lake smell terrible?
-Because large quantities of water .
A. have polluted B. is being polluted
C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
【答案】D 考查动词时态，语态和主谓语一致。根据前一分句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是large quantities of water，其中心词是quantities，是复数，谓语动词用复数，选D。
10（09福建）.According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays.
A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes
【答案】D 动词时态。题干是陈述一个客观真理，用一般现在时，选D。
10（09湖南）Would you please keep silent? The weather report and _________I want to listen.
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast
C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast
【答案】B 时态和语态。句意为：请保持安静行吗? 我想听正在广播的天气报告。说话间正在发生的动作，应用进行时同时表示被动含义。故选B。
11（09湖南）.— The food here is nice enough.
— My friend ______ me a right place.
A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing
【答案】B 时态的用法。句意为：——这里的食物不错。——我的朋友介绍给我一个正确的地方。表示过去的行为。
12（09江西） At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.
A. is B. are C. will be D. were
【答案】A 考查时态的用法。根据at present =now 可知，应用一般现在时。
13（09江西） ------- What is the price of petrol these days
-------Oh, it ______ sharply since last month.
A. is raised B. has risen C. has arisen D. is increased
【答案】B 考查时态的用法。 根据since last month 可知应用现在完成时。
14（09江西） ---Do you want a lift home?
---It’s very kind of you, but I have a much late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock _______.
A. doesn’t go off B. won’t gone C. wasn’t going off D. didn’t go on
【答案】D 考查时态的用法。根据I overslept this morning 可知应用一般过去时。
15（09海南） His sister left home in 1998, and since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
16（09山东）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________ rising steadily since1990.
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
【答案】C 本题考查主谓一致和时态，主语是 the number故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1997所以用完成时态。
17（09山东） I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it _______.
A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened
【答案】B 本题考查具体语境中的时态，后一句隐藏的时间状语是at the time.
18（09陕西） Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer. A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to
【答案】A 考查动词时态和主谓一致。主语中心词是Dr. Smith，表单数，谓语动词用单数形式；时间状语是this summer，表计划性的将来，故时态用一般将来时，选A。
19（09陕西）This is the first time went a film in the cinema together as a family.
A. see B. had seen C. saw D. have seen
【答案】D 考查动词时态。the+序数词+time引导的时间状语从句中动词时态用完成时，有参照动词is可知此处用现在完成时，选D。
（09上海）46. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ____out.
A. would sell B. had sold C. have sold D. was selling
【答案】B
20（09四川） —Why don’t we choose that road to save time?
—The bridge to it __________.
A. has repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. will be repaired
【答案】C 考查时态和语态。根据语境可知不走另一条路的原因是因为桥正在被修。所以用现在进行时的被动形式作为该题的答案。
21（09四川） —You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I __________ French in Sichuan University for four years.
A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied
【答案】A 考查时态。我在四川大学学过4年法语是指过去发生过的事情，所以谓语动词用一般过去时，该题由于有for four years.造成一部分学生做出错误的选择，而选择了D。
22（09浙江）－ What do you think of the movie?
－ It’s fantastic. The only pity is that I __________ the beginning of it.
A Missed B. had missed C. miss D. would miss
【答案】A
23（09重庆） She stared at the painting, wondering where she ______it.
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen
【答案】D
24（09重庆） —I’ve got to go now.
—Must you? I______you could stay for dinner with us.
A. think B. thought
C. have thought D. am thinking
【答案】B
25（09全国2 Progress so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be
【答案】C 考查了时态--现在完成时
26（09江苏）The population of Jiangsu __ to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.
A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing
【答案】A
27（09江苏）--- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
--- Sorry. .
A. It' s repaired B. It has been repaired
C. It's being repaired D. It had been repaired
【答案】C
28（09江苏）-- Ann is in hospital.
-- Oh, really? I __ know. I __ go and visit her.
A. didn’t; am going to B. don’t; would
C. don’t; will D. didn't; will
【答案】C
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