当今时代，随着社会发展和科技技术的不断进步，人类对于教育的需求是不断在改变的。读《未来简史》后，很多人会有疑问，人工智能是否将让很多人面临被淘汰的危机。而作者尤瓦尔·赫拉利在腾讯演讲上提出，不管是人类，还是人工智能，意识比智能更重要。
历史上，大多数的时间，我们的生活主要分成两个部分：
➤第一个部分就是学习各种技能和能力；
➤第二部分是在履行、在工作，当然也同时是在学习，最主要在工作，并运用之前所学到的知识。
但是有些知识技能可能在 21 世纪不一定适用了，而人们最需要思考的事情是：我们怎么样让我们自己变得更好，去适应这个不断变化的环境？
而对于这个问题，可能的答案之一，就是培养一个人终身的学习力，这也将是一个人的核心竞争力。
Is there someone you know who seems unusually productive? Someone who gets a huge amount done — without studying longer hours?
你认识的人里有没有人看起来效率出奇地高？他在相同的时间里，却能够完成巨大的学习量？
Super-productive people are in every domain. The most productive software developers write nine times more usable code per day than the average developer, according to research by Michael Mankins. He also found that the best fishbutcherat Le Bernardin Restaurant in New York can prepare three times as much fish as the average, the best blackjack dealer keeps their table playing five times longer, and the best sales associate at Nordstrom sells eight times more clothes.
每个领域都有这样高学习力的人。迈克尔•曼金斯（Michael Mankins）通过研究发现，最高效的软件开发人员每天能够比普通程序员多写9倍的有效代码。他还发现，纽约伯纳丁餐厅（Le Bernardin）里最优秀的杀鱼工的工作效率是一般人的3倍，最优秀的赌场发牌员能让他桌上的客人多停留5倍的时间，诺德斯特龙百货（Nordstrom）最优秀的销售员卖出的衣服比一般人多8倍。
Super-productive people are in every domain. The most productive software developers write nine times more usable code per day than the average developer, according to research by Michael Mankins. He also found that the best fishbutcherat Le Bernardin Restaurant in New York can prepare three times as much fish as the average, the best blackjack dealer keeps their table playing five times longer, and the best sales associate at Nordstrom sells eight times more clothes.
每个领域都有这样高学习力的人。迈克尔•曼金斯（Michael Mankins）通过研究发现，最高效的软件开发人员每天能够比普通程序员多写9倍的有效代码。他还发现，纽约伯纳丁餐厅（Le Bernardin）里最优秀的杀鱼工的工作效率是一般人的3倍，最优秀的赌场发牌员能让他桌上的客人多停留5倍的时间，诺德斯特龙百货（Nordstrom）最优秀的销售员卖出的衣服比一般人多8倍。
Set stretch goals.
制定有弹性的目标。
Think about your last day off. Did you decide to do some shoppings around your house or apartment? Maybe youputtered around, doing a few small tasks in a random way. Or maybe you selected a major project to tackle and were amazed at how much you were able to get done in a day.
回想一下你上个假期。你是否决定在你的房子或公寓周围逛逛街？也许你只是四处逛逛，随手做一些无关紧要的事情。又或者，你着手处理了一个重大的事情，然后惊讶地发现自己一天竟然可以完成这么多事情。
A big mission encourages you to pick up your pace and eliminate all distractions. There is some great magic that occurs when people becomerivetedby the thought of achieving a stretch goal. The people in our study who got the most done made setting stretch goals a habit.
一个目标会督促你排除所有干扰，加快速度实现目标。当人们专心致志地为达成一个具有挑战性的目标而努力时，奇迹就会发生。研究发现，最有学习力的人都会习惯性地为自己制定弹性目标。
Show consistency.
保持稳定的学习效率。
We all know people who are 100% reliable. If they say, “It will be done,” it will get done. In our study, the most productive people did not see their productivity ebb and flow over time; they didn’t procrastinate only to pull all-nighters later on. Instead, they figured out how to consistently deliver results, week after week and month after month. There was a cadence and a rhythm to their study that seemed to keep them going.
我们都知道哪些人百分百值得信赖。如果他们说，“我会做完的”，他们就一定会完成任务。研究表明，效率最高的学生，其学习效率并不会随着时间的推移逐渐下降；他们拒绝拖延，不会只是为了能够通宵学习而推延事情。相反，他们知道如何在周而复始的学习周期中保持稳定的学习效率。似乎就是这种稳定的学习节奏，让他们能够长久地在学习中保持高效率。
Have knowledge and technical expertise.
拥有知识和技术专长。
Few things kill productivity faster than a lack of knowledge or expertise. When you know what you’re doing, you don’t have to sacrifice quality for speed. You can get things done both quickly and well. You don’t need to spend time searching online for a good tutorial, or asking a counselor for advice. The most productive professionals in our study didn’t hesitate to ask for help when they needed it…but they didn’t need it that often. They also intentionally acquired new skills and learned to expand their expertise. That helped them be skillful, exacting, and quick in their execution.
知识或专业技术是影响效率的最重要因素。如果你理解了学习任务，就不会为了追求速度而忽略学习质量。速度和质量两者可以兼具。你可以省掉在网上搜索教程的时间，也不需要胡乱寻求帮助。研究表明，最高效的学霸们在必要时会毫不犹豫地向他人寻求帮助......但他们通常并不需要这种帮助。他们会有意识地努力学习新技能，扩展学科知识。这有助于提高他们学习的熟练度、准确度和完成速度。
Drive for results.
结果导向。
Most people are willing to accept responsibility for accomplishing goals and to work at a reasonable pace to achieve expected results. But there are a few people who have a great desire to accomplish results sooner and quicker. They are overjoyed to be able to check something off their to-do list. They’re competitive — and they compete not only with their classmates but also with themselves. They like to set new records for performance and then beat their own best.
大多数人愿意接受有目标的任务，他们倾向于以正常的速度达成预期目标。但也有人会极其希望以更快的速度实现目标。当看到待办清单上的事项一项项划掉，他们会感到非常高兴。他们充满竞争力——与小伙伴竞争，也挑战自己。他们热衷于创造新纪录，不断突破自我。
Anticipate and solve problems.
预测问题并解决问题。
The most productive people are great problem-solvers. They come up with innovative solutions and accomplish work more efficiently. They also tend to anticipate roadblocks and begin working on solutions in advance, and so avoid some of the problems that other people run into. Social psychologists call this mental contrasting — thinking about what you want to achieve and what might get in the way of your achieving it — and have found that it helps people achieve their goals.
学习力最高的学霸们都是优秀的问题解决者。他们能够提出创造性的解决方案，然后更高效地解决问题。他们也习惯做风险预估，提前考虑解决方案，这样就规避了相同环境下其他人遇到的问题。社会心理学家将这种行为称作心理对照——拟定你想要达成的目标，考虑过程中会遇到的潜在障碍——这种方式可以帮助人们实现目标。
Take initiative.
发挥主动性。
For many people, the hardest part of getting a job done is starting. The most productive people start quickly, and they never wait to be told to begin. They ask for forgiveness, not permission. And indeed, their bias for action can get them into trouble sometimes — they might start executing a project before all parties have bought in, say. But their teachers or parents rarely complain, because their results tend to speak for themselves.
对很多人来说，万事开头难。高效率的人能够快速开始行动，他们从来不会等到通知后才起步。他们通常会在行动后寻求原谅，而不是行动前征求允许。事实上，他们的偏激行为有时也会给他们带来麻烦——比如，在未获得全部支持时，他们可能就已经开始做了。尽管如此，他们的老师和家长却很少抱怨，因为结果会为他们说话。
Show consistency.
保持稳定的学习效率。
We all know people who are 100% reliable. If they say, “It will be done,” it will get done. In our study, the most productive people did not see their productivity ebb and flow over time; they didn’t procrastinate only to pull all-nighters later on. Instead, they figured out how to consistently deliver results, week after week and month after month. There was a cadence and a rhythm to their study that seemed to keep them going.
我们都知道哪些人百分百值得信赖。如果他们说，“我会做完的”，他们就一定会完成任务。研究表明，效率最高的学生，其学习效率并不会随着时间的推移逐渐下降；他们拒绝拖延，不会只是为了能够通宵学习而推延事情。相反，他们知道如何在周而复始的学习周期中保持稳定的学习效率。似乎就是这种稳定的学习节奏，让他们能够长久地在学习中保持高效率。
Be collaborative.
具有合作精神。
So far it might sound like we’re describing a person who is a brilliant individual worker but can’t work well with others. But that’s not what our study showed. In today’s complex organizations, very little gets done by someone acting alone. Everything is highly interdependent. The most productive people in our study were highly collaborative and worked well with others. They didn’t have to spend a lot of time soothing ruffled feathers, because they didn’t ruffle many feathers in the first place.
结合前面所说的内容，大家可能会觉得这些高效率的人都是智商很高但不擅长团队合作的人。研究发现，事实并非如此。在当今复杂的公司环境中，只有学会合作才能圆满完成任务。一切都是相互关联的。研究发现，高效率的人具有超强的合作能力，他们可以很好地与其他人一起学习。 他们不需要耗费时间去稳定人际关系，因为他们一开始就不会惹毛别人。
If you want to be more productive yourself, take a look at this list and ask if there’s something you can improve. Do you struggle to get started? Could you be more consistent? If you’re a manager trying to help one of your employees get more done, ask yourself if there’s something here that could help. Maybe your employee is working hard but doesn’t have the skills they need to really increase their productivity. Can you help them get those skills? Can you help them set motivating stretch goals?
如果你想成为更高效率的人，结合上述七个特征，看看自己是否有可以改进的地方。你是否觉得一开始难以进入学习状态？在学习上，你是否需要更具持久性？如果你是一位试图帮助学生完成更多指导的老师，也可以看看上述内容是否能为你提供帮助。也许你的学生学习很努力，但却缺乏能够真正帮助他们提高效率的技能。你能帮助他们掌握这些技能吗？你能帮助他们设定有弹性的目标吗？
The most productive people might seem to get it all done through magic — or cutting corners — but as it turns out, extreme productivity is just a set of skills. Skills that more of us can acquire and use.
看起来，最高效的人似乎是通过魔法或捷径来完成所有工作的——但事实证明，高效率其实通过一套技能就能实现。我们很多人都可以掌握这套技能，并将其应用到实践中。
“心理对照”（mental contrasting）
这样的人在拥有一个愿望或目标时，会这样做：先花几分钟时间，来幻想和憧憬这个愿望成真；然后，转换角度，花更多的时间来考虑，要实现这个愿望所要面临的障碍，需要做出哪些努力。
这个过程被称为“心理对照”（mental contrasting） 。这种心理过程在实验室中，已经被证明对于目标实现卓有成效。当被试者尝试对合理的、可能实现的愿望进行心理对照时，他们变得更有干劲，并且比陷入纯粹的乐观幻想和极端的现实主义者都取得了更好的结果。当被试者尝试对不合理、不能实现的愿望进行心理对照时，他们最终会放弃这个愿望。
因此，在目标可能被实现时，这种思维方法能够激励我们；当愿望不切实际时，也让我们更容易在评估后选择放弃，转而去实现其他的、更合理的抱负。
正如王明夫先生所说的那样，“人生如莲，三度修炼”，成功是浅浅地浮在水面上那朵看得见的花，而决定其美丽绽放的是水面下那些看不见的根和本，期待与大家共同走在不断学习，不断沉淀的路上。
你怎么看？欢迎大家文末给阿伦老师留言！
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